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. 2023 Jun 27;13(13):2188. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13132188

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Inflammation-independent fibrogenesis. Schematic representation of mechanotransduction of fibroblasts and latent-TGFβ liberation in response to ECM stiffness. (A) Left panel. “Resting state” of focal adhesion complex in normal ECM stiffness. (B) Right panel. Mechanotransduction of fibroblasts and latent-TGFβ liberation in response to ECM stiffness. 1. ROCK activation through PI3K and AKT serine/threonine kinase (phosphorylation). 2. ROCK promotes G-actin binding to myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF), which then migrates to the nucleus. LAP: latency-associated peptide; LTBP-1: latent transforming growth factor β-binding protein; P: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase ROCK: rho kinase; SMAD: suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic; TGFβ: transforming growth factor β; TGFBR: TGFβ receptor.