Table 1.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound features of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
| Study | Patients (n) | Arterial Phase (Hyperenhancement) | Portal/Late Phases | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen LD et al. [98] | 88 HCC 88 iCCA |
1.8% HCC 64.5% iCAA |
Hyperenhancement: 98.2% HCC 88.7% iCCA Hypoenhancement: 11.3% HCC 1.8% iCCA |
Early washout: 30.9% HCC 91.9% iCCA Marked washout: 1.3% HCC 61.3% iCCA |
| Chen T et al. [90] | 21 iCCA | 4.8% | Heterogeneous hyperenhancement: 61.9% Homogeneous hyperenhancement: 19.0% Isoenhancement: 4.8% Hypoenhancement: 4.8% |
Rim-like venous hyperenhancement: 66.7% Hypoenhancement: 85.7% (portal–venous phase) 95.2% (late phase) |
| Guo et al. [99] | 56 iCCA 60 HCC |
Irregular 62.5% iCCA 3.3% HCC |
Hyperenhancement: 94.6% iCAA 100% HCC |
Washout in late phase: 94.6% iCCA Marked washout: 67.9% iCCA 6.7% HCC |
| Huang et al. [94] | 99 iCCA 129 HCC |
50.5% iCCA 16.3% HCC |
15.2% iCCA 37.2% HCC |
Early washout: 93.4% iCCA 96.1% HCC Marked washout: 23.2% iCCA 7.8% HCC |
| Li et al. [96] | With risk factors: 59 HCC 55 iCAA |
0% HCC 42.6% iCCA Risk factors: cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis |
100.0% HCC 50.0% iCCA |
Early washout: 3.6% HCC 90.7% iCCA Marked washout: 3.4% HCC 79.6% iCCA |
| Without risk factors: 55 HCC 55 iCCA |
0% HCC 52.7% iCCA |
100.0% HCC 45.5% iCCA |
Early washout: 5.6% HCC 92.7% iCCA Marked washout: 9.1% HCC 89.1% iCCA |
|
| Wildner et al. [97] | 42 iCCA 278 HCC Cirrhosis: 16.7% iCCA 76.9% HCC |
85.7% iCCA 61% HCC |
Center: 16.7% iCCA 60.3% HCC Periphery: 40.5% iCCA 75% HCC |
Early washout (portal–venous phase): -Tumor center: 85.8% iCCA 49.8% HCC - Tumor periphery: 66.7% iCCA 32.6% HCC Washout in late phase: 92.9% iCCA 75% HCCs |
| Xu et al. [89] | 32 iCCA | 59.4% | Heterogeneous hyperenhancement: 18.8% Homogeneous hyperenhancement: 9.4% heterogeneous hypo-enhancement: 12.5% |
Portal phase: -isoenhancement: 3.1% -hypoenhancement: 96.9% Late phase: hypoenhancement: 100% |
Abbreviations: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, iCCA; Hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC.