SCLC	Small-cell lung cancer
NSCLC	Non-small-cell lung cancer
RCTs	Randomized controlled clinical trails
TNMs	Tumors (Ts), nodes (Ns), and metastases (Ms)
TTF	Thyroid transcription factor
CT	Computed tomography
LDCT	Low-dose computed tomography
AI	Artificial intelligence
MRI	Magnetic resonance imaging
PET	Positron emission tomography
BRE	Bio-recognition element
EGFR	Epidermal growth factor receptor
NAATs	Nucleic acid amplification assays ()
ctDNA	Circulating tumor DNA
ssDNA	Single-strand DNA
dsDNA	Double-strand DNA
MiR	MicroRNA
cDNA	Complementary DNA
ERA	Exonuclease (Exo) III-assisted target recycling amplification
ECM	Extracellular matrix
PDACs	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas
COPD	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
EBC	Exhaled breath condensate
ProGRP	Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide
CYFRA21-1	Cytokeratin 19 fragment 21-1
CEA	Carcinoembryonic antigen
IL-10	Interleukin-10
CA	Cancer antigen
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor
ENO1	Enolase-1
β-HCG	Human chorionic gonadotropin
FBP	Folate-binding protein
FR	Folate receptor
AFP	Alpha-fetoprotein
SAA	Serum amyloid A
NSE	Neuron-specific enolase
M.Tase	Methyl transferase
GOD	Glucose oxidase
BSA	Bovine serum albumin
HA	Hyaluronic acid
HRP	Horseradish peroxidase
HDL	High-density lipoprotein
LDL	Low-density lipoprotein
CRP	C-reactive protein
CGA	Chromogranin A
ECL	Electrochemiluminescence
MEF	Metal-enhanced fluorescence
SPR	Surface plasmon resonance
LSPR	Localized surface plasmon resonance
LRET	Luminescence resonance energy transfer
FRET	Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
EC	Electrochemical
PEC	Photoelectrochemical
MESIA	Magnetic-force-assisted electrochemical sandwich immunoassay
ECL	Electrogenerated chemiluminescence
EIS	Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
CL-ELISA	Chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
ELISA	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
AlphaLISA	Amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay
FET	Field effect transistor
G-FET	Graphene field-effect transistor
poly-Si NW FET	Polycrystalline silicon nanowire field-effect transistor
µPAD	Microfluidic paper-based analytical device
LFIA	Lateral flow immunoassay
RCA	Rolling circle amplification
PCR	Polymerase chain reaction
qPCR	Quantitative polymerase chain reaction
RT-qPCR	Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
NRCA	Netlike rolling circle amplification
LAMP	Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
BIND	Biomolecular interaction detection
SPE	Screen printing electrode
LSV	Linear-sweep voltammetry
ASV	Anodic stripping voltammetric
CV	Cyclic voltammetry
DPV	Differential pulse voltammetry
SPGE	Screen-printed graphene–carbon paste electrode
MOE	Molecular operating environment
PEC	Photoelectrochemical
MS-PCR	Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction
MS-snuPE	Methylation-sensitive single nucleotide primer extension
MBD	Methyl-binding domain
HPLC	High-performance liquid chromatography
MS	Mass spectrometry
GC	Gas chromatography
GC-MS	Gas chromatography mass spectrometry
LC-MS	Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
SERS	Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
SPF	Surface plasmon-enhanced fluorescence
PLFS	Paper-based lateral flow strip
LFA	Lateral flow assay
ASSURED	Affordable, specific, sensitive, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free, and deliverable to end user
MB	Methylene blue
Fc	Ferrocene
FA	Folic acid
ITO	Indium tin oxide
APTES	(3- aminopropyl)triethoxysilane
3-Th-COOH	3-thiophenecarboxylic acid
NMM	N-methylmesoporphyrin IX
TiO2 NPs	Titanium dioxide nanoparticles
AuNP	Gold nanoparticle
AuNC	Gold nanocube
AuNR	Gold nanorod
UCNPs	Upconversion nanoparticles
Ag NPs	Silver nanoparticles
CQDs	Carbon quantum dots
QDs	Quantum dots
GO	Graphene oxide
rGO	Reduced graphene oxide
GQD	Graphene quantum dots
GO-COOH	Carboxylated graphene oxide
CNTs	Carbon nanotubes
SPIONs	Super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
IONPs	Iron oxide nanoparticles
PC	Photonic crystal
CuO NWs	Copper oxide nanowires
CuO Nps	Copper oxide nanoparticles
GMPs	Gold-capped magnetic nanoparticles
PtNPs	Platinum nanoparticles
SeNPs	Selenium nanoparticles
AAO	Anodic aluminum oxide
MWCNTs	Multiwalled carbon nanotubes
MNO2NSs	Manganese oxide nanospheres
PHSGNPs	Porous hollow silver–gold nanoparticles
Co3O4NPs	Cobalt oxide nanoparticles
PNA	Peptide nucleic acid
MCH	6-Mercaptohexanol
DTT	Dithothreitol
TMB	3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine
PhCN	Phthalocyanine
[Fe(CN)6]3−	Ferricyanide
[Fe(CN)6]4−	Ferrocyanide
Cys/GS-Nf	Cysteine/Nafion-graphene
PTCDA	3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride
MOF	Metal–organic frameworks
PETp	Polyethylene terephthalate
PPy	Polypyrrole
poly-TTCA	Poly(terthiophene carboxylic acid)
PDA	Polydopamine
PEG	Poly(ethylene glycol)
eATRP	Electrochemically induced atom transfer radical polymerization
CCP	Cationic conjugated polymers
MIP	Molecularly imprinted polymer
TESUD	11-(Triethoxysilyl) undecanal
PBASE	1-Pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester
GA	Glutaraldehyde
Zr-TAPP	5,10,15,20-Tetra(4-aminophenyl) porphyrin
EDC	1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
NHS	N-hydroxysuccinimide
LOD	Limit of detection
POCT	Point-of-care testing
FAM	6-Carboxyfluorescein
HSPs	Heat shock proteins