Table 2.
Basic and lifestyle characteristics stratified by multimorbidity status.
| Overall | Stratified by Multimorbidity Status | Effect Size a | p-Value b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||||
| No. of participants | 1443 | 1294 | 149 | ||
| Baseline characteristics | |||||
| Gender, n (%) | 0.01 | 0.755 | |||
| Men | 646 (44.8) | 577 (44.6) | 69 (46.3) | ||
| Women | 797 (55.2) | 717 (55.4) | 80 (53.7) | ||
| Age group, n (%) | 0.35 | <0.001 | |||
| Young Adult (18–44) | 696 (48.2) | 682 (52.7) | 14 (9.4) | ||
| Middle Age (45–64) | 555 (38.5) | 487 (37.6) | 68 (45.6) | ||
| Elderly (≥65) | 192 (13.3) | 125 (9.7) | 67 (45.0) | ||
| Educational Level, n (%) | 0.25 | <0.001 | |||
| Primary or lower | 280 (19.4) | 210 (16.2) | 70 (47.0) | ||
| Secondary | 723 (50.1) | 658 (50.9) | 65 (43.6) | ||
| Tertiary or above | 440 (30.5) | 426 (32.9) | 14 (9.4) | ||
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.11 | <0.001 | |||
| Single | 540 (37.4) | 508 (39.3) | 32 (21.5) | ||
| Couple | 903 (62.6) | 786 (60.7) | 117 (78.5) | ||
| Employment status, n (%) | 0.29 | <0.001 | |||
| Employed | 1042 (72.2) | 978 (75.6) | 64 (43.0) | ||
| Unemployed | 176 (12.2) | 161 (12.4) | 15 (10.1) | ||
| Retired/Housewife | 225 (15.6) | 155 (12.0) | 70 (47.0) | ||
| Monthly family income, n (%) | 0.03 | 0.778 | |||
| $29,999 or less | 718 (49.8) | 642 (49.6) | 76 (51.0) | ||
| $30,000–$59,999 | 394 (27.3) | 353 (27.3) | 41 (27.5) | ||
| $60,000 or more | 108 (7.5) | 100 (7.7) | 8 (5.4) | ||
| Unknown | 223 (15.5) | 199 (15.4) | 24 (16.1) | ||
| Lifestyle characteristics | |||||
| BMI category, n (%) | 0.20 | <0.001 | |||
| Underweight/Normal weight (<23.0 kg/m2) | 873 (60.5) | 823 (63.6) | 50 (33.6) | ||
| Overweight (23–24.9 kg/m2) | 283 (19.6) | 244 (18.9) | 39 (26.2) | ||
| Obesity (≥25 kg/m2) | 287 (19.9) | 227 (17.5) | 60 (40.3) | ||
| VPA Weekly, n (%) | 0.06 | 0.03 | |||
| Not enough (<75 min) | 1157 (80.2) | 1027 (79.4) | 130 (87.2) | ||
| Enough (≥75 min) | 286 (19.8) | 267 (20.6) | 19 (12.8) | ||
| MPA Weekly, n (%) | 0.02 | 0.43 | |||
| Not enough (<150 min) | 1141 (79.1) | 1019 (78.7) | 122 (81.9) | ||
| Enough (≥150 min) | 302 (20.9) | 275 (21.3) | 27 (18.1) | ||
| TOPA Weekly, n (%) | 0.06 | 0.03 | |||
| Not enough (<150 min) | 989 (68.5) | 875 (67.6) | 114 (76.5) | ||
| Enough (≥150 min) | 454 (31.5) | 419 (32.4) | 35 (23.5) | ||
| Drinking status, n (%) | 0.11 | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 981 (68.0) | 890 (68.8) | 91 (61.1) | ||
| Quitted | 97 (6.7) | 75 (5.8) | 22 (14.8) | ||
| Yes | 365 (25.3) | 329 (25.4) | 36 (24.2) | ||
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.11 | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 1200 (83.2) | 1090 (84.2) | 110 (73.8) | ||
| Quitted | 127 (8.8) | 100 (7.7) | 27 (18.1) | ||
| Yes | 116 (8.0) | 104 (8.0) | 12 (8.1) | ||
| Sleep quality, n (%) | 0.09 | 0.001 | |||
| Optimal (PSQI score ≤ 5) | 977 (67.7) | 934 (69.1) | 1337 (55.7) | ||
| Poor/Insomnia (PSQI score > 5) | 466 (32.3) | 400 (30.9) | 66 (44.3) | ||
| Lifestyle score, mean (SD) | 6.09 (1.56) | 6.19 (1.52) | 5.17 (1.57) | 0.67 | <0.001 |
VPA: Vigorous physical activity; MPA: moderate physical activity; TOPA weekly: weekly total physical activity; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SD, standard deviation. a Cramer’s V for Chi-Square test of categorical variables and Cohen’s d for t-test of continuous variables. b Chi-Square test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables.