Table 3.
Associations between lifestyle factors and lifestyle score and multimorbidity among Macau population.
| Lifestyle Characteristics | Multimorbidity, Cases (%) | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
| Model 2a | |||||
| BMI category | |||||
| Underweight/Normal weight (<23.0 kg/m2) | 50 (5.7) | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| Overweight (23–24.9 kg/m2) | 39 (13.8) | 2.63 (1.69, 4.09) | <0.001 | 1.95 (1.18, 3.20) | 0.009 |
| Obesity (≥25 kg/m2) | 60 (20.9) | 4.35 (2.91, 6.51) | <0.001 | 3.76 (2.38, 5.96) | <0.001 |
| VPA Weekly | |||||
| Not enough (<75 min) | 130 (11.2) | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| Enough (≥75 min) | 19 (6.6) | 0.56 (0.34, 0.93) | 0.02 | 0.83 (0.44, 1.54) | 0.55 |
| MPA Weekly | |||||
| Not enough (<150 min) | 122 (10.7) | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| Enough (≥150 min) | 27 (8.9) | 0.82 (0.53, 1.27) | 0.37 | 1.00 (0.58, 1.74) | 0.99 |
| Drinking status | |||||
| Never | 91 (9.3) | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| Quit | 22 (22.7) | 2.87 (1.70, 4.83) | <0.001 | 2.43 (1.26, 4.69) | 0.008 |
| Yes | 36 (9.9) | 1.07 (0.71, 1.61) | 0.74 | 1.36 (0.81, 2.26) | 0.24 |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never | 110 (9.2) | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| Quit | 27 (21.3) | 2.68 (1.68, 4.27) | <0.001 | 1.16 (0.64, 2.09) | 0.63 |
| Yes | 12 (10.3) | 1.14 (0.61, 2.14) | 0.68 | 0.74 (0.34, 1.62) | 0.46 |
| Sleep quality | |||||
| Optimal (PSQI score ≤ 5) | 83 (8.5) | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| Poor/Insomnia (PSQI score > 5) | 66 (14.2) | 1.78 (1.26, 2.51) | 0.001 | 2.25 (1.49, 3.40) | <0.001 |
| Model 2b | |||||
| Lifestyle score | - | 0.64 (0.57, 0.72) | <0.001 | 0.67 (0.59, 0.77) | <0.001 |
VPA: Vigorous physical activity; MPA: moderate physical activity; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Model 1 was a univariate logistic regression model; one regression model only included one lifestyle factor or lifestyle score as the independent variable; crude OR was calculated. Model 2a was a multivariable logistic regression model; BMI, VPA, MPA, drinking status, smoking status and insomnia were entered in one model for analysis, with adjustment of gender, age, employment status, education level, marital status and monthly family income. Model 2b was a multivariable logistic regression model; lifestyle score was entered in the model for analysis, with adjustment of gender, age, employment status, education level, marital status and monthly family income.