Table 3.
Features of included studies in the systematic review of diagnostic accuracy tests for frailty in the emergency department.
| Study (Country) |
N = X | Mean or Median Age |
% F | Inclusion Criteria |
Study Design |
Frailty Screens Used with Cut-Offs | Reference Standard | Time to Complete | AUC for Each Screen (95% Confidence Interval) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salvi et al., 2012 [8], (Italy) |
200 | 80 | 57% | ≥65 years screened after triage |
Prospective observation cohort, unclear sampling type |
ISAR ≥ 2 | CGA | ND | ISAR = 0.92 (0.88–0.96) |
| Kajsa et al., 2016 [34], (Sweden) |
161 | 82 | 55% | ≥80 years or 65–79 with ≥1 chronic disease and help ≥1 ADL |
Cross-sectional, consecutive sampling | FRESH ≥ 2 | CGA | ND | FRESH = 0.86 (0.79–0.92) |
| Lague et al., 2018 [35], (Canada) |
171 | 76.9 | 52% | ≥65 yrs Independent or semi-independent; ≥ 8 h in ED; Admitted to any hospital ward. |
Prospective observational cohort, unclear sampling type |
BPQ No= Positive |
CGA | ND | BPQ = 0.63 (0.53–0.72) |
| O’Caoimh et al. 2019 [10], (Ireland) |
265 | 78 | 54% | ≥70 years screened at triage |
Prospective cross-sectional, consecutive sampling | CFS ≥ 5 PRISMA-7 ≥ 3 ISAR ≥ 2 |
CGA | ND | CFS = 0.83 (0.77–0.88) PRISMA-7 = 0.88 (0.83–0.93) ISAR = 0.78 (0.71–0.84) |
| McGuaran et al. 2020 [37], (Ireland) |
197 | 79 | 45% | ≥70 years screened at triage |
Prospective cross-sectional, consecutive sampling | VIP-3 ≥ 2 VIP-4 ≥ 3 CFS ≥ 5 PRISMA-7 ≥ 3 |
CGA | ND | CFS = 0.91 (0.87–0.95) PRISMA-7 = 0.91 (0.86–0.95) VIP-3 = 0.84 (0.78–0.89) VIP-4 = 0.84 (0.79–0.90) |
| Piffer et al., 2020 [36], (France) |
498 | 86 | 60% | ≥75-year-olds who (1). required hospital admission over 1 year; (2). were scored with the E-TRST, G-TRST, and SEGA within 24 h. |
Prospective, cross-sectional, consecutive sampling | TRST ≥ 2 | CGA | ND | E-TRST = 0.86 (0.83–0.89) G-TRST = 0.90 (0.87–0.93) |
ADL: Activities of Daily Living; AUC: Area Under the Curve; BPQ: Bergman-Paris Question; CGA: Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment; CFS: Clinical Frailty Scale; ED: Emergency Department; F: Female; ISAR: Identification of Seniors At Risk; PRISMA-7: Programme of Research on Integration of Services for the Maintenance of Autonomy; VIP: Variable Indicator of Placement Risk; E-TRST: Emergency Physician administered TRST; G-TRST: Geriatrician administered TRST; ND = not documented.