Figure 1.

Oxidative stress-induced cellular responses in mitochondrial structure and function. Assays for mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) (A), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number (B), and cell viability (C) were performed on three cellular models. The fold changes (FC) of experimental conditions are compared to their untreated counterparts (set at 1.0, dashed line) and plotted as the average and standard deviation of five to six independent experiments. The first culture condition, c1, represents cells treated with H₂O₂ for 24 h; c2, cells in H₂O₂ recovery phase after replenishing culture with fresh media and continuing to culture for additional 24 h; c3, cells in H₂O₂ recovery phase for culturing additional 48 h.