Figure 1.

Schematic diagram of T-DNA transfer and integration into the plant genome. VirA, VirG: perception of phenolic compounds from plant wounds/induction of virulence (Vir) gene expression. VirD1: DNA topoisomerase processing T-DNA. VirD2: Endonuclease cutting the T-DNA border to initiate T-strand synthesis and attached to 5′ of T-strand/formation of T-DNA complex/transport of the T-DNA complex through nuclear pores. VirE1: Plays the role of a chaperone to stabilize VirE2 in Agrobacterium. VirE2: Single-strand DNA binding protein protecting the T-strand from nuclease. T4SS: Type IV secretion system.