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. 2023 Jun 25;24(13):10612. doi: 10.3390/ijms241310612

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Antibody responses induced in mice immunized by M2e5x VLP PLGA NPs delivered using dissolving microneedles. (A) Expression of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells in lymph node (LN) and spleens of immunized mice. M2e5x VLP antigen-immunized groups were pre-stimulated with M2e. Organs from mice immunized with Fluzone were pre-stimulated with quadrivalent Fluzone. (B) Expression of intracellular cytokines IFN-γ and IL-4 using flow cytometry. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. Comparisons are made between M2e5x VLP, and M2e5x VLP NPs and M2e5x VLP + Alhydrogel^® + MPL-A^® PLGA NPs. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, and “ns” indicates not significant.