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. 2023 Jun 22;24(13):10505. doi: 10.3390/ijms241310505

Figure 3.

Figure 3

The signaling pathways and targets of saponin-regulated tau protein phosphorylation. (1). PF11 and xanthoperidinol, regulate targets of LCMT-1/PP2A signaling pathways; (2). PF11, regulates targets of IRS-1/P13K/Akt/GSK-3β and calpain I/CDK5 signaling pathways; (3). Ginsenoside Rb1 and Ginsenoside Rd, regulate the activity of PP2A; (4). Theasaponin E1, inhibits tau protein phosphorylation by regulating GSK-3β, CDK5, c-Jun JNK, MAPK, ERK1/MARK, and PP2A; (5). Xanthoceraside, regulates the activity of GSK-3β. The above-mentioned saponins inhibit tau protein phosphorylation by modulating the targets of these signaling pathways.