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Classes of markers observed in acute ischemic stroke. Abbreviations: BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; IL-6, interleukin 6; GAP-43, growth-associated protein 43; NGF, nerve growth factor; NO, nitric oxide; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; UCH-L1, Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
