| AIS | acute ischemic stroke |
| BBB | blood–brain barrier |
| CSF | cerebrospinal fluid |
| IL | interleukin |
| MCAO | middle cerebral artery occlusion |
| NIHSS | National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale |
| PRISMA | Preferred Reporting in Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis |
| TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
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