Table 2.
Animal studies investigating cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for ischemic stroke.
| Author, Year | Study Location | Animal | No. of Animals | Time CSF Collected for Stroke Group | Study Design | Biomarker Tested | Associated Characteristic | Study Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tanaka et al., 2008 [41] | Japan | Rats | 13 sham, 10 stroke | Immediately after stroke onset | Controlled animal model | S100B protein | Progression | Strokes induced by photochemical MCA occlusion. Presence of S100B in CSF measured over time for stroke vs. sham animals. SC100B significantly increased in stroke group after occlusion and remained elevated up to 48 h. |
| Liu et al., 2010 [40] | USA | Rats | 9 control, 21 stroke | Sequential collection 6 h after stroke induction | Controlled animal model | UCH-L1 protein | Progression | MCA occlusion performed for 30 min or 2 h. UCH-L1 expression increased for 6 h but returned to sham-comparable levels after 1 d for 30-min occlusion group but remained significantly elevated for 5 d for 2-h occlusion group. |
| Huan et al., 2016 [38] | China | Rats | 10 sham, 10 stroke | 3 h after induction of stroke | Controlled animal model | Metabolomics (methylamine, xanthine, pyridoxamine, L-M-monomethyl arginine, glutamine, histidine) | Progression | After MCA occlusion, CSF samples were obtained from the cisterna magna. Compared to sham, methylamine, xanthine, and pyridoxamine levels were significantly greater in MCA-occluded rats. Other markers were significantly less compared to sham. |
| Brégère et al., 2017 [39] | Switzerland | Rats | 63 stroke | 3 d after stroke induction | Controlled animal model | Doublecortin | Progression | MCA occlusion performed at different time periods, investigating impact of ischemia on neurocognitive development. Doublecortin levels sharply increased 3 d after injury and sustained elevated levels. |
| Stevens et al., 2019 [37] | USA | Macaque | 15 stroke, 4 control | 7 d after stroke onset | Controlled animal model | Proteomic signatures (4000+ unique proteins) | Diagnosis, severity | Identified various neuroprotective proteins and pathological proteins via hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis. |
Abbreviation: MCA, middle cerebral artery.