Table 1.

The interactions of GOBMs with cement microstructure.

GOBMs	Surface Chemistry	Benefits
GO	hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, epoxides, carbonyl groups, and ethers	◆improve mechanical performance ◆exhibit high hydrophilicity ◆enhance hydration ◆reduce porosity ◆exhibit limited electrical conductivity ◆exhibit heat insulation
HO-G	hydroxyl groups	◆refine pore structure ◆prevent microcrack formation ◆increase resistance to chloride ion penetration
ECG	carboxylic groups	◆enhance mechanical performance ◆enhance adhesion and interfacial bonding
EOGO	the remaining active oxygen functional group at the edge of GO	◆improve mechanical performance ◆increase interfacial bonding ◆enhance the adsorption of cementitious composites ◆promote crystals and dense composites growth
rGO	the remaining active oxygen functional group	◆improve mechanical performance ◆enhance hydration ◆exhibit limited hydrophilicity ◆decrease microcrack density ◆demonstrate higher hydration heat ◆a promising thermoelectric material ◆improve electrical conductivity ◆exhibit low resistivity
GO/silane composite	silane-functionalized composite	◆increase interfacial bonding ◆refine the microstructure ◆excellent water-repellent property ◆biofouling-resistant hydrophobic surfaces