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The bidirectional links between inflammation and oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can act as inflammatory trigger initiating inflammation. On the other hand, inflammation induces oxidative stress. IkB, inhibitory subunit of NFkB; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NFkB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; P, phosphate; ROS, reactive oxygen species [19].
