Table 2.

Reports describing vaccines against E. coli, especially UPEC.

Type of Vaccine		Component of Vaccine	Comments	References
Whole-cell vaccines	Inactivated vaccines	Solco-Urovac: 10 strains of heat-inactivated uropathogens (6 from E. coli of different serotypes and 1 each from K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, M. morganii, and E. faecalis).	Causes the prophylaxis of recurrent UTIs and major side effects, such as fever, bleeding, burning, nausea, and vaginal itching.	[179,192,193]
		StroVac: the same 10 strains in a different formulation.	Causes the prophylaxis of recurrent UTIs.	[181]
		Uro-vaxom: 18 UPEC strains.	Prevents recurrent UTIs in women.	[182,183,184]
		Urvakol: a mixture of inactivated bacterial pathogens including E. coli, P. mirabilis, E. faecalis, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa.	Promotes immunogenicity in animals and humans.	[186,187]
		Urostim: a mixture of inactivated bacterial pathogens including E. coli, P. mirabilis, E. faecalis, and K. pneumoniae.	Promotes immunogenicity in animals and humans.	[186,187]
		ExPEC9V (NCT04899336).	Targets invasive extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli disease (IED).	[188]
		Intranasal vaccination with formalin-inactivated CP923.	Shows stronger systemic antibody response.	[194]
	Attenuated vaccines	NU14 ΔwaaL: a mutation of O antigens of UPEC strains.	Protects against NU14, CFT073, and four UPEC isolates.	[195]
Antigen-specific vaccines	Capsular- or LPS-based vaccines	ExPEC4V (NCT03500679): O antigens specific to serogroups O1A, O2, O6A, and O25B.	Prevents UTIs even with high bacterial doses and low bacteremia.	[196,197]
	Fimbrial and non-fimbrial adhesin vaccines	FimCH vaccine with Freund’s adjuvants; FimH vaccine with Alum and MF59 adjuvants.	Promotes an immune response against UPEC and prevents colonization in murine and primate models; ineffective in humans.	[198,199,200]
		TLR ligand-based vaccine with the fusion of FimH adhesin; vaccination with admixed FimH, FliC, and Montanide ISA 206 adjuvants.	Induces an immune response and protects mice against UTIs.	[198,201,202]
		PapDG vaccines with Freund’s adjuvants.	Generates immune responses and reduces UPEC colonization in a mouse model.	[20]
	Iron-scavenger-receptor-based vaccines	Salmochelin receptor IroN or IroN with Freund’s adjuvant; aerobactin receptor IutA conjugated with cholera toxin; yersiniabactin receptor FyuA with alum as an adjuvant.	Generates strong immune responses and protection against UPEC infection in murine models.	[121,200,203,204]
	Toxin-based vaccines	Vaccine containing antigens such as hemolysin HlyA, recombinant hemolysin, mutated CNF1, and HlyA toxins.	Reduces UTI symptoms in murine experimental infection models.	[2,200]