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. 2023 Jun 25;24(13):10634. doi: 10.3390/ijms241310634

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Suppression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-mediated proinflammatory cytokines by modified BSFL oil (MBSFL) and C12:0 in macrophages. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-primed human THP-1 and murine J774A.1 macrophages were treated with 250 µM MBSFL, 250 µM lauric acid (LA), 250 µM sodium laurate (SL), or dexamethasone (DEX; Positive control, 2 µg/mL in THP-1, 1.2 µg/mL in J774A.1), followed by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation, compared to stimulated vehicle-treated control (C + LPS), and untreated and unstimulated cells (GM; Negative control). (A–D) mRNA expression and; (E–H) Protein secretion levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 in PMA-primed THP-1 cells stimulated with 10 ng/mL LPS for 12 h and 20 h, respectively; (I,J) TNFα and IL-6 levels in the medium of J774A.1 cells 24 h following 7.5 ng/mL LPS stimulation. mRNA expression was measured by qPCR (n = 4–6), and secreted cytokines in the medium were measured by ELISA (n = 8–10); ns: not significant, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001.