Table 1.

Association of selected miRNAs with ME/CFS and potential role in the disease.

Target miRNAs	Association and Potential Role in ME/CFS	References
miR-124-3p	Significantly decreased in RA, SLE, SS, and UC subjects, compared to healthy controls; suggested as biomarker for systemic autoimmune diseases: AUC 0.9 (95% CI 0.833–0.967), 76.5% specificity and 91.3% sensitivity. It regulates autoimmune inflammation.	Jin F. et al., 2018 [26] Ponomarev E.D. et al., 2011 [28]
miR-127-3p	Upregulated in plasma of ME/CFS subjects compared to non-fatigued controls. Increased in PEM. Identified as a potential biomarker to distinguish ME/CFS disease from fibromyalgia. It suppresses IL-10 response, inhibits cell proliferation, and induces cell apoptosis.	Brenu E.W et al., 2014 [24] Nepotchatykh, E. et al., 2020 [25] Nepotchatykh, E. et al., 2023 [29] Saito Y. et al., 2006 [30] Wei G. et al., 2023 [31]
miR-140-5p	Increased in plasma of ME/CFS subjects. Identified as a potential biomarker to distinguish ME/CFS from fibromyalgia. Upregulated in PBMCs of ME/CFS patients. It suppresses IL-10 response and modulates T-cell differentiation and proliferation of immune cells.	Nepotchatykh, E. et al., 2020 [25] Nepotchatykh, E. et al., 2023 [29] Almenar-Pérez E. et al., 2020 [23] Ghafouri-Fard S. et al., 2021 [32]
miR-142-5p	Upregulated in plasma of ME/CFS subjects compared to non-fatigued controls. It modulates differentiation/proliferation of immune cells and interaction with TGF-β1 pathway.	Brenu E.W. et al., 2014 [24] Wang Z. et al., 2020 [33]
miR-143-3p	Upregulated in plasma of ME/CFS subjects compared to non-fatigued controls. It modulates differentiation/proliferation of immune cells and interaction with TGF-β1 pathway.	Brenu E.W. et al., 2014 [24] Cheng W. et al., 2016 [34]
miR-150-5p	Higher PEM scores and increased symptom severity of ME/CFS patients. Upregulated in PBMCs of ME/CFS patients in response to exercise. It modulates differentiation/proliferation of immune cells.	Nepotchatykh, E. et al., 2020 [25] Nepotchatykh, E. et al., 2023 [29] Cheema A.K. et al., 2020 [27] Ménoret A. et al., 2023 [35]
miR-448	Significantly increased in RA, SLE, SS, UC, compared to healthy controls. Suggested as biomarkers for systemic autoimmune diseases: AUC 0.91 (95% CI 0.85–0.97), 82.4% specificity and 91.3% sensitivity. Mainly studied in cancer-related pathways.	Jin F. et al., 2018 [26] Liao Z.B. et al., 2019 [36]
miR-551b-3p	Significantly increased in RA, SLE, SS, and UC subjects compared to healthy controls; suggested as biomarkers for systemic autoimmune diseases: AUC 0.850 (95% CI 0.769–0.932), 73.5% specificity, and 88.4% sensitivity. It regulates inflammatory response.	Jin F. et al., 2018 [26] Zhang Y. et al., 2018 [37]

RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SS, Sjögren’s syndrome; UC, ulcerative colitis; AUC, area under the ROC curve; ME/CFS, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome; PEM, post-exertional malaise; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells.