Table 2.
EGCG nanomaterials as drug delivery for breast cancer treatment.
| Formulation | Study | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro studies | |||
| Dimeric-EGCG oxidized and polymerized. | Competitive inhibition of Amphiregulin (AREG) in MDA-MB-231 cells. | Proliferation and migration were significantly inhibited by dimeric-EGCG at 10 μM. | [74] |
| Peracetate-protected (−)-EGCG (Pro-EGCG). | Anticancerogenic effects in MDA-MB-231 tumors. | Enhanced tumor and proteasome inhibition, apoptosis induction, and accumulation. | [75] |
| Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with ratios EGCG/gold 1:2 to 10:1. | Study in MDA-MB-231 cells. | Particles of 39 nm in diameter enhanced irradiation-induced cell death. | [76] |
| Colloidal mesoporous silica (CMS) and breast tumor-homing cell-penetrating peptide (PEGA-pVEC peptide). | Comparison of anticancerogenic properties of EGCG into CMS and CMS@peptide. | CMS@peptide enhanced the efficacy of EGCG on breast tumors by targeted accumulation and release. | [77] |
| Specific aptamers to HER2 and ATP organized in a hierarchical manner loaded with EGCG and protamine sulfate. | SK-BR-3; MDA-MB-231. | Improved inhibitory tumor growth and minimum side effects to normal organs and tissues. | [78] |
| Biodegradable gel: EGCG + siRNA + protamine. | MDA-MB-231 and xenograft MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing mice. | The formulation enhanced cytotoxicity to cancer cells 15-fold, with little toxicity to normal tissues. | [79] |
| Nanostructured lipid carriers Arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid + EGCG; EGCG-loaded NLC-RGD. | Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects and uptake into MDA-MB-231 cells were evaluated. | Nanoparticles with a size of 85 nm enhanced the apoptotic activity of EGCG with higher accumulation in tumors. | [80] |
| Mesoporous silica gold cluster nanodrug loaded with dual drugs, ZD6474 and EGCG. | Adjuvant treatment to Tamoxifen in MCF-7 and T-47D cells. | The nanoformulation enhanced the toxicity of drugs against chemoresistant cancers. | [81] |
| 2 EGCG nanoparticles FA-NPS-PEG and FA-PEG-NPS. | Modulation of PI3K-Akt pathway and regulatory proteins in MCF-7 cells. | EGCG-FA-NPS-PEG, with a size of 185.0 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 90.36%, enhanced the cytotoxic activity with IC50 of 65.9 μg/mL. | [82] |
| FA-NPS-PEG and FA-PEG-NPS nanoparticles. | CNN5 gene activation in MCF-7 (ER-α positive) and MDA-MB-231 (TNBC). | EGCG makes TNBC cells sensitive to estrogen via activating ER-α, reducing the viability and enhancing tumor formation. | [25] |
| In vivo studies | |||
| EGCG-nanoethosomes, loaded with docetaxel (DT). | Transdermal delivery using mouse skin and treatment of skin cancer growth. | Mice treated with DT-EGCG-nanoethosomes exhibited a significant tumor size reduction by 31.5% after 14 d. | [83] |
| Natural nanovehicles (exosome-like) from tea flowers (TFENs), particle sizes 131 nm. | Evaluation of tumor growth and metastasis. | Inhibition of growth and tumor metastasis. | [84] |
| Encapsulation of EGCG in ultradeformable colloidal vesicular systems or penetration enhancer-containing vesicles (PEVs). | Study of photodegradation, stability, and anticancer properties. | EGCG-loaded PEVs increase the cytotoxic activity of epidermoid carcinoma cells (A431) and reduce tumor sizes. | [85] |
| PC@DOX-PA/EGCG nanoparticles: Phosphatidylcholine, doxorubicin, and procyanidin with HER2, ER, and PR ligands on the surface. | Antitumor evaluation activity in BT-474, MCF-7, EMT-6, and MDA-MB-231. | Nanoparticles can target breast cancer cells and inhibit tumoral growth. | [86] |
| Folate peptide nanoparticles loaded with EGCG (FP-EGCG-NPs). | Antitumor activity in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. | FP-EGCG-NPs enhanced the antitumor activity. | [87] |
| EGCG in solid lipid nanoparticles conjugated to gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPR). | Tumoral studies on C57/BL6 mice. | Enhanced cytotoxicity to cancer cells, reduction in tumor volume, and greater animal survivability. | [88] |