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. 2023 Jun 28;24(13):10818. doi: 10.3390/ijms241310818

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Affected mitochondrial pathways. Viral (A) as well as bacterial (B) commensals or pathogens can have an influence on a variety of molecular pathways that are important for maintenance and function of the host’s mitochondria. The impact of the microbiota might be directly or via the host’s own transcriptional/translational machinery, such as for PGC-1α (with subsequent activation of NRF1 and TFAM) or PPARγ (orchestrating lipid metabolism, e.g., β-oxidation) (the image was created by using BioRender). Drp1: dynamin-related protein 1; Fis1: mitochondrial fission protein 1; HDAC: histone deacetylas; Mff: mitochondrial fission factor; Mfn1/2: mitofusin 1/2; mPTP: mitochondrial permeability transit pore; NRF1: nuclear respiratory factor 1; Opa1: optic atrophy-1; TFAM: mitochondrial transcription factor A.