Table 1.

Evidence for aging hallmarks in bacteria.

Hallmark	Investigation Tools	Organism	Observation	Ref
Genomic instability	fYFP-labeled MutL mismatch repair proteins	E. coli	Replication errors occur at a constant rate across ages.	[88]
	Growth arrest, DNA repair mutants	E. coli	Oxidative damage to DNA does not limit survival during stasis.	[89]
Loss of Proteostasis	Coomassie Blue-stained PAA gels	E. coli	Aggregates accumulate concomitantly with cell death. Dead cells contain increased amounts of aggregates. Aggregation occurs before cell death.	[90]
	Fluorescently tagged chaperone (IbpA)	E. coli	Aggregates migrate to the “old pole” cell.	[91,92,93]
	Fluorescently tagged chaperone (IbpA)	E. coli	Ejection of minicells with aggregates promotes stress resistancy of cells.	[94]
	Growth arrest	E. coli	Accelerated protein oxidation	[89]