Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients.
| Characteristic | Patients, No./Total No. (%)/Mean ± SD | t1/χ22/Z3 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control group (n = 52) | VR group (n = 55) | |||
| Age, Mean ± SD | 64.8 ± 11. 3 | 65.2 ± 10. 0 | −0.2001 | 0.843 |
| Sex, No. (%) | 0.7282 | 0.402 | ||
| Men | 44 (84.6) | 43 (78.2) | ||
| Women | 8 (15.4) | 12 (21.8) | ||
| Residential area, No. (%) | 1.8302 | 0.400 | ||
| Urban | 27 (51.9) | 30 (54.5) | ||
| Town | 4 (7.7) | 8 (14.5) | ||
| Countryside | 21 (40.4) | 17 (30.9) | ||
| Educational level, No. (%) | −0.6453 | 0.528 | ||
| Primary school or below | 14 (26.9) | 16 (29.1) | ||
| Junior/Vocational school | 33 (63.5) | 27 (49.1) | ||
| College | 3 (5.8) | 10 (18.2) | ||
| Graduate school | 2 (3.8) | 2 (3.6) | ||
| Annual household income,¥ | −1.0493 | 0.291 | ||
| ≤50,000 | 9 (17.3) | 6 (10.9) | ||
| 60,000–100,000 | 16 (30.8) | 15 (27.3) | ||
| 110,000–200,000 | 22 (42.3) | 28 (50.9) | ||
| >200,000 | 5 (9.6) | 6 (10.9) | ||
| Disease duration, m | −0.9683 | 0.336 | ||
| <1 | 18 (34.6) | 19 (34.5) | ||
| 1–6 | 20 (38.5) | 15 (27.3) | ||
| 7–12 | 6 (11.5) | 3 (5.5) | ||
| >12 | 8 (15.4) | 18 (32.7) | ||
| Co-morbidities, No. (%) | 1.5622 | 0.254 | ||
| Coronary heart disease | 8 (15.4) | 9 (16.4) | ||
| Hypertension | 30 (57.7) | 36 (65.5) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 16 (30.8) | 14 (25.5) | ||
| Malignant tumor | 2 (3.8) | 2 (3.4) | ||
| Other serious diseases | 9 (17.3) | 12 (21.8) | ||
| None | 12 (23.1) | 13 (23.6) | ||
| aPSQI score, Mean ± SD | 9.19 ± 3.59 | 9.25 ± 3.26 | −0.0861 | 0.931 |
| Anesthesia, No. (%) | 1.8522 | 0.176 | ||
| Local anesthesia | 39 (75.0) | 47 (85.5) | ||
| General anesthesia | 13 (25.0) | 8 (14.5) | ||
| Number of stents, No. (%) | 0.0033 | 0.965 | ||
| Just 1 | 39 (75.0) | 41 (74.5) | ||
| 2 or more | 3 (25.0) | 14 (25.5) | ||
| STAIb Pre-intervention | ||||
| S-AI | 48.9 ± 9.5 | 47.9 ± 10.5 | 0.0081 | 0.993 |
| T-AI | 46.9 ± 9.9 | 46.7 ± 11.7 | 0.1111 | 0.915 |
| SEMCD-6c Pre-intervention | ||||
| DSM | 4.27 ± 0.83 | 4.18 ± 0.95 | 0.5561 | 0.583 |
| DCM | 2.07 ± 0.48 | 2.08 ± 0.43 | −0.1931 | 0.854 |
| Total | 6.33 ± 1.22 | 6.27 ± 1.13 | 0.2931 | 0.772 |
a
PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index.
b
STAI, State–trait anxiety inventory, containing state anxiety inventory (S-AI) and trait anxiety inventory (T-AI).
c
SEMCD-6, Self-efficacy for managing chronic disease, composed of disease symptom management (DSM, items 1–4) and disease co-occurrence management (DCM, items 5–6).
VR, virtual reality.