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. 2023 Jul 2;12(13):4446. doi: 10.3390/jcm12134446

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The role of circ_0003204/USP36 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Sponging of miRNAs by up-regulated circ_0003204/USP36 has been shown to lead to (1) promotion of growth, proliferation, migration, apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress of ECs [72,74,75], but also (2) attenuation of proliferation and migration of ECs, known to be protective from further intimal hyperplasia [55]. Furthermore, some miRNAs are inhibited by multiple circRNAs, the effects of which have (3) and (4) contradictory outcomes on cell growth, proliferation, migration, and inflammation [29,42,78,81,92,98,139]. These opposing effects make it difficult to predict the overall effects of targeting a specific circRNA or miRNA for therapeutic purposes.