. 2023 Jun 26;12(13):4274. doi: 10.3390/jcm12134274

Table 1.

Current diagnostic biomarkers available for MS prophylaxis.

S.N.	Biomarkers	Biological Samples	Ranges (Units)		Types/ Category of MS Patients	Patients	References
S.N.	Biomarkers	Biological Samples	MS	Normal ranges	Types/ Category of MS Patients	Age and Gender	References
1.	Chitinase-3-like-1(CHI3L1)	CSF	22.7 pg/mL	13.4–57.9 pg/mL	RRMS	Mean Age: 30.3 ± 9.25 years Gender: 46Fand13M	[191]
1.	Chitinase-3-like-1(CHI3L1)	Serum	20.2 pg/mL	9.8–75.9 pg/mL	CIS	Mean Age: 30.3 ± 9.25 years Gender: 46Fand13M	[191]
2.	CXCL13	CSF	35 mg/dL	<30 mg/dL	RRMS	MeanAge:34 ± 8.3 years Gender: 5F and3M	[191]
3.	Neurofilament	Plasma	11.4 pg/mL	7.5 pg/mL	RRMS	Mean age: 40 Gender: 328F and 344M	[192]
4.	EBNA1 IgG	Serum	310.91 U/mL	177.81 U/mL	RRMS	Mean age: 29.69 Gender: 27M and 48F	[193]
5.	OCBs	CSF	5–7 bands	1 band	RRMS, SPMS	Mean Age: 35 Gender: 14F and 8M	[194,195]
6.	miRNA	Plasma	±>1.5 fold change	−5.30 to +1.94 Fold range	RRMS	Mean Age: 31.5 Gender: 20F and 16M	[196]
7.	Alpha-1 antichymotrypsin	Tears	1.6 ng/L	2.5 ng/L	RRMS = 25, PPMS = 4, SPMS = 1	Mean age: 42.4 ± 15 Gender: Males	[141]
8.	Myelinbasic protein (MBP)	Serum	1055 ng/L	2750 ng/L	RRMS	Mean age: 36.8 ± 4.2 Gender: Females	[129]
8.	Myelinbasic protein (MBP)	Saliva	475 ng/L	575 ng/L	RRMS	Mean age: 36.8 ± 4.2 Gender: Females	[129]