Table 2.
Potential of MSC-EV for treatment of bone diseases on preclinical animal models.
| Disease | Model | MSC Culture | EV Isolation | Application | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Osteoporosis | Sprague Dawley rats | Rat ADMSC Culture media not specified 48 h |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: intravenous injection EV dose (µg/µL): 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 |
[115] |
| C57BL/6J and 129P2-Cbstm1Unc/J (CBS KO) mice | Mouse BMMSC FBS-free medium 24 h |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: intravenous injection EV dose: 100 µg/mL |
[125] | |
| C57BL/6 mice | Human UCMSC EV-free FBS medium 48 h |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: intravenous injection EV dose: 100 μg/100 μL in PBS |
[140] | |
| C57BL/6 mice | Human BMMSC EV-free FBS medium 48 h |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: intravenous injection EV doses: 100 μL/mL |
[144] | |
| BALB/c mice | Human BMMSC FBS-free medium 48 h |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: injection into the marrow cavity of femur EV dose: 25 μg/mL |
[151] | |
| Sprague Dawley rats | Rat BMMSC transfected with miR-150-3p FBS-free medium 24 h |
exoEasy Maxi Kit | Mode: intravenous injection EV dose: 100 and 200 μg |
[152] | |
| ICR (CD-1) mice | ADMSC FBS-free medium 24 h |
Multi-filtration system based on tangential flow filtration | Mode: intravenous injection EV dose: (1 × 108 or 5 × 108 particles/100 μL PBS) |
[155] | |
| Osteo-Arthritis | BALB/c mice | Human BMMSC and ADMSC FBS-free medium 48 h |
Exocib Exosome Extraction Kit | Mode: intravenous injection EV dose: 100 μg/mL |
[103] |
| Sprague Dawley rats | Human ESC (E1-MYC 16.3) FBS-free medium 72 h |
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation | Mode: intra-articular injection EV dose: 5 μg/mL |
[108] | |
| C57BL/6 mice | Mouse BMMSC—transfection of miR- 206 culture media not specified 72 h |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: intra-articular injection EV dose: not specified |
[109] | |
| Wistar rats | Human BMMSC - EV-free FBS medium 48 h |
ExoQuick-TC Re- agent Kit (EXOTC10A-1) | Mode: intra-articular injection EV dose: 400 μg/mL |
[110] | |
| Sprague Dawley rats | Rat BMMSC EV-free FBS medium 48 h |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: intra-articular injection EV dose: 2 μg |
[113] | |
| Fracture | Mice | Human UCMSC Hypoxia (1% O2) Preconditioned EV-free FBS medium 48 h |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: intravenous injection EV dose: 200 μg/200 mL in PBS |
[93] |
| Wistar rats | Human UCMSC Culture media not specified |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: intravenous injection EV dose: 1 × 1010 particles |
[132] | |
| C57BL/6 WT mice | Murine BMMSC EV-free medium 48 h |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: intravenous injection EV dose: 100 μg |
[143] | |
| Sprague Dawley rats | Rat SMC and PCCM FBS-free medium 72 h |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: intravenous injection EV dose: 200 μg/100 μL in PBS |
[161] | |
| Critical-Sized Bone Defects | C57BL/6J mice | Human BMMSC TNFα preconditioned 72 h FBS-free medium 24 h |
ExoQuick-TC Reagent (System Biosciences) | Mode: collagen scaffold EV dose: 4.5 × 109 particles |
[89] |
| C57/BL6 mice | Human BMMSC Transfection of miR-181b FBS-free medium 72 h |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: intravenous injection EV dose: not specified |
[116] | |
| Sprague Dawley rats | Human BMMSC -DMOG preconditioned Culture media not specified 48 h |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: hydroxyapatite scaffolds EV dose: 200 μg/100 μL in PBS |
[97] | |
| Sprague Dawley rats | Human BMMSC Culture media not specified 24 h |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: hydrogel EV dose: 5 μg/mL |
[146] | |
| Sprague Dawley rats | Human PDLSC FBS-free medium 24 h |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: Matrigel matrix EV dose: 60 µg/10 µL in PBS |
[159] | |
| Rattus sp. | BMMSC- EV-free FBS medium 48 h |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: chitosan hydrogel EV dose: 1 × 108 particles/mL |
[98] | |
| Wistar rats | UMSC and HEK293 cells Culture media and time not specified |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: hyaluronic acid hydrogel, combined with nanohydroxyapatite/poly-ε-caprolactone (nHP) scaffolds EV dose: 1 × 1012 particles/mL |
[51] | |
| BALB/C mice | Human ADMSC differentiated into osteoblast-EV-free FBS medium 0, 2, 4, 7 and 14 days |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: PLGA/PDA scaffolds EV dose: 25 µg/mL |
[167] | |
| Osteonecrosis | Rabbits | Rabbit BMMSC Transfected with HIF1aMU and Adv-HIF1aWT FBS-free medium 24 h |
Total Exosomes Isolation Kit | Mode: femoral-head injection EV dose: 10 µg/mL |
[131] |
| Sprague Dawley rats | Rat BMMSC Hypoxia (2% O2) preconditioned EV-free FBS medium 48 h |
Ultracentrifugation | Mode: intravenous injection EV dose: 50 µg/mL |
[95] |