Table 1.
Effects of exercise on interleukins secretion in humans.
| Cytokine | Physical Activity | Training Level of the Subjects | Response | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-1β | Running 20 km | Trained runners | Significantly increased levels of IL-1β are found 1 h after running and persist until the next day |
[26] |
| IL-1ra | Treadmill test | Trained runners | Increased level of IL-1ra by 7.8–33% after test and 1 h after the test it dropped significantly | [27] |
| Ultramarathon 160 km | Trained runners | Increased level of IL-1ra 6.1-fold after ultramarathon | [28] | |
| Cycling ergometer tests | Trained endurance athletes | Increased level of IL-1ra after 1 h of recovery, where it reaches a peak concentration | [29] | |
| IL-18 | Cycling 230 km | Trained cyclists | Significantly lower levels of IL-18 24 h after test | [30] |
| Aerobic exercise training | Untrained men and women | Decreased level of IL-18 by 43% after training | [31] | |
| Exercise training | Obese individuals | Decreased IL-18 mRNA by 20% in adipose tissue after training | [32] | |
| IL-2 | Running 5 km | Trained runners | Significantly decreased IL-2 concentrations directly after race and significantly increased after 24 h | [34] |
| Marathon 42 km | Trained runners | Decreased IL-2 concentrations by 32% or 55% directly after the race | [35,36] | |
| 6-week program of aerobic dance exercise | Untrained women | Significantly increased level of IL-2 in after training program |
[37] | |
| 2 km rowing ergometer test | Trained rowers | Significant (about 4-fold) increased level of IL-2 after test and a return to normal after 24 h | [38] | |
| IL-4 | Running | Trained runners | No significant differences in IL-4 levels | [35,36,39,40,41] |
| Rowing ergometer test | Trained rowers | No significant differences in IL-4 levels | [42] | |
| Running 40 km | Trained runners | No significant differences in IL-4 levels | [43] | |
| Running 171 km | Trained runners | Significantly increased level of IL-4 after running |
[43] | |
| IL-6 | Marathon 42 km | Trained runners | Increased level of IL-6 45-fold after running and 1 h afterward | [49] |
| Marathon 42 km | Trained runners | Increased level of IL-6 100-fold after running | [35] | |
| Ultramarathon 160 km | Trained runners | Increased level of IL-6 50.2-fold after running | [28] | |
| 1 h rowing ergometer test | Trained rowers | Significantly increased mean level of IL-6 after test and after a 30 min rest | [42] | |
| 90-min session on the ergometer | Trained rowers | Increased level of IL-6 7.5-fold 2 and 3 h after the test | [50] | |
| 4 months of dance training | Untrained women | Decreased resting IL-6 concentrations by 60% after training program | [51] | |
| 6-week program on a bicycle ergometer | Untrained men | No significant differences in IL-6 levels | [52] | |
| IL-10 | Ultramarathon 160 km | Trained runners | Increased level of IL-10 9.5-fold after running | [28] |
| Marathon 42 km | Trained runners | Increased level of IL-10 3.5-fold after running | [35] | |
| 1 h rowing ergometer test | Trained rowers | Non-significantly reduced level of IL-10 after test and after a 30 min rest | [42] | |
| IL-12 | Treadmill test | Trained runners | Significantly increased level of IL-12 p40 after a test |
[66] |