Skip to main content
. 2023 Jul 5;24(13):11108. doi: 10.3390/ijms241311108

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Modifications of cardiac mitochondrial integrity in right heart failure. Principal processes of energy metabolism, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, redox regulations, mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, and their impact on the sarcomere are depicted. Red arrows indicate alterations in right heart failure. The purple color indicates the pathological consequences of mitochondrial disintegration. For better clarity, the reaction equations are simplified. Abbreviations: ADS, antioxidative defense system; Cr, creatine; CK, creatine kinase; DRP1, dynamin-related protein1; HK, hexokinase; LC-FA, long-chain fatty acids; mPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; NNT, nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase; OPA1, optic atrophy 1; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PDK, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase; PGC1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TCA, tricarboxylic acid.