Table 2.

Experimental studies reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress in right heart dysfunction and failure.

Component	Experimental Model	Molecular Marker Improved/Method	Functional Marker Improved/Method	Main Results	Ref.
mitoTEMPO	PAB C57BL/6J C57BL/6N mice	Apoptosis/TUNEL	TAPSE/echocardiography Hepatic venous congestion/stain liver sections	MitoTEMPO treatment protects ROS-dependent RHF upon PAB.	[6]
mitoQ	Hx PAB C57BL/6J mice	Hx and PAB: O2•− concentration/electron spin resonance spectrometry	Hx: RVWT; RVID; RVOTD/echocardiography Fulton/morphometric PAB: RVID; TAPSE/echocardiography Fulton/morphometric	MitoQ treatment reduces RV remodeling in chronic hypoxia and upon PAB. RV systolic function improved only upon PAB.	[64]
SS-31	TAC C57BL/6 mice	NOX1/NOX2 expression/protein level (lung) Protein carbonylation/Oxyblot (lung)	RV fibrosis/stain RV sections RVSP/RV catheter Vessel density and arterial muscularization/stain lung parenchyma Alveolar sacs/IHC	SS-31 treatment attenuates TAC-induced PH.	[65]
Melatonin or NAC	PAH MCT Sprague-Dawley rat	MDA fluorescence (RV)	RV hypertrophy/stain RV sections RV fibrosis/stain RV sections TAPSE, RVEDD, RV Area/echocardiography RVSP, TPR/PV loop	Melatonin or NAC reduced RV remodeling and improved RV function in PAH rats	[66]

Abbreviation: PAB, pulmonary artery banding; C57BL/6N, inbred mouse strain; TUNEL, TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Hx, hypoxia; O₂^•−, superoxide; TAC, transverse aortic constriction; NOX1 and NOX2, NADPH oxidase; RVWT, right ventricular wall thickness; RVID, right ventricular internal diameter; RVOTD, right ventricular outflow tract diameter; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; PH, pulmonary hypertension; IHC, immunohistochemistry; MDA, malondialdehyde; RVEDD, right ventricular end diastolic diameter; TPR, total pulmonary resistance; PV, loop pressure volume loop.