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Effect of voluntary physical exercise on astrocytic end-feet. (a) Representative photomicrographs of AQ4 (astrocytic end-feet) in hippocampal fissure blood vessels. Scale bar = 20 μm common to all micrographs. The black arrow points out the prominent perivascular space. (b) Graphs show astrocyte end-feet area. Two-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc, mean ± SEM measured at four anatomical levels (n = 5 per group), * p < 0.05. Abbreviations: AQ4, aquaporin-4; Exe, exercise; Sed, sedentary.
