Table 2.
Results of unwanted negative side effects induced by immersions in VR (cybersickness) and presence according to time, condition, and participants’ country.
| Canada | Spain | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSAD (n = 15) |
Control (n = 17) |
PSAD (n = 16) |
Control (n = 21) |
|
| Cybersickness | ||||
| Pretest | 5.67 (6.56) | 2.06 (2.33) | 7.81 (5.43) | 3.14 (2.08) |
| Ctr. imm. | 6.67 (5.38) | 2.63 (4.53) | 7.00 (6.64) | 3.52 (3.16) |
| Exp. imm. | 7.93 (6.68) | 3.56 (6.05) | 6.50 (4.86) | 2.14 (2.22) |
| Presence: | ||||
| Spatial ence | ||||
| Pretest | ||||
| Ctr. imm. | 49.29 (11.82) | 50.06 (8.55) | 46.94 (11.23) | 45.52 (11.47) |
| Exp. imm. | 66.93 (16.93) | 71.50 (10.57) | 56.69 (9.43) | 61.57 (11.94) |
| Engagement | ||||
| Pretest | ||||
| Ctr. imm. | 40.27 (10.94) | 43.88 (6.79) | 39.06 (7.24) | 40.57 (6.59) |
| Exp. imm. | 44.87 (6.30) | 48.75 (7.09) | 45.00 (8.67) | 46.67 (7.76) |
| Ecological validity | ||||
| Pretest | ||||
| Ctr. imm. | 18.13 (7.06) | 17.53 (3.14) | 13.44 (3.27) | 15.24 (3.86) |
| Exp. imm. | 18.07 (4.80) | 19.38 (3.58) | 16.56 (2.73) | 17.48 (3.82) |
| Negative effects | ||||
| Pretest | ||||
| Ctr. imm. | 10.00 (4.05) | 10.24 (6.35) | 11.06 (4.78) | 11.00 (4.52) |
| Exp. Imm | 10.33 (3.48) | 10.13 (4.87) | 12.13 (5.28) | 9.57 (3.53) |