Table 2.
Markers involved in apoptosis, autophagy, senescence, and oxidative stress processes in ILD patients.
| ILD | Control Lung Donors (CLD) | Ref | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NSIP | UIP/IPF | |||
| Apoptosis | ||||
| p53 | Upregulated when compared with CLD Downregulated when compared with UIP/IPF |
Upregulated | Homeostasis | [92,93] |
| Phosphorylated p53 | ||||
| Mdm2 | ||||
| p21 | ||||
| Bax | ||||
| p53-Mdm2 conjugate | - | Downregulated | Homeostasis | |
| HIPK2 kinase | Downregulated | - | Homeostasis | [94] |
| Autophagy | ||||
| LC3-II | Upregulated | Upregulated | Homeostasis | [90] |
| MAP1S | Upregulated | Upregulated | ||
| pAMPK | Upregulated | Upregulated | ||
| ANXA5 | Downregulated | Downregulated | [94,96] | |