Table 2. Distribution of adverse birth outcome by distress measures over time during pregnancy.
| Distress at inclusion (at ≤20 weeks) | Total, n = 934 | PTB, n = 146 | p-value | LBW, n = 147 | p-value | SGA, n = 187 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety score at inclusion, mean (SD) | 4.8 (3.8) | 5.1 (4.0) | .209 | 5.6 (4.2) | .004 | 5.7 (4.2) | .001 |
| Stress score at inclusion, mean (SD) | 6.4 (2.7) | 6.7 (2.6) | .064 | 7.1 (2.8) | .000 | 7.1 (2.8) | .000 |
| Depression score at inclusion, mean (SD) | 8.0 (4.7) | 8.3 (4.9) | .335 | 9.1 (5.0) | .002 | 9.1 (4.9) | .001 |
| Total distress score at inclusion, mean (SD) | 19.1 (9.7) | 20.2 (10.0) | .137 | 21.8 (10.5) | .000 | 21.8 (10.4) | .000 |
| Level of distress at inclusion, n (%) | .598 | .004 | .001 | ||||
| Not distressed at all | 518 (55.5) | 77 (52.8) | 66 (44.9) | 89 (47.6) | |||
| Distressed in one domain | 206 (22.1) | 33 (22.6) | 33 (22.5) | 38 (20.3) | |||
| Distressed in two domains | 122 (13.1) | 18 (12.3) | 24 (16.3) | 29 (15.5) | |||
| Distressed in three domains | 88 (9.4) | 18 (12.3) | 24 (16.3) | 31 (16.6) | |||
| Perinatal distress (distress at 32 to 36 weeks) | |||||||
| Perinatal anxiety score, mean (SD) | 4.9 (3.4) | 5.2 (3.7) | .228 | 5.7 (3.8) | .003 | 5.7 (3.8) | .000 |
| Perinatal stress score, mean (SD) | 6.1 (2.8) | 6.5 (2.9) | .055£ | 7.0 (2.9) | .000 | 6.9 (2.9) | .000 |
| Perinatal depression score, mean (SD) | 8.0 (4.6) | 8.5 (4.9) | .181 | 9.2 (4.9) | .001 | 9.2 (4.9) | .000 |
| Total perinatal distress score, mean (SD) | 19.0 (9.2) | 20.2 (9.8) | .085 | 21.8 (10.1) | .000 | 21.8 (10.0) | .000 |
| Level of perinatal distress, n (%) | .351 | .001 | .000 | ||||
| Not distressed at all | 531 (56.9) | 77 (52.8) | 69 (46.9) | 89 (47.6) | |||
| Distressed in one domain | 200 (21.4) | 31 (21.2) | 31 (21.1) | 42 (22.5) | |||
| Distressed in two domains | 117 (12.5) | 19 (13.0) | 21 (14.3) | 24 (12.8) | |||
| Distressed in three domains | 86 (9.2) | 19 (13.0) | 26 (17.7) | 32 (17.1) | |||
| Distress over time during pregnancy | |||||||
| Change in anxiety score, mean (SD) | 0.13 (1.0) | 0.1 (0.9) | .512 | 0.1 (0.9) | .442 | 0.1 (0.9) | .329 |
| Change in stress score, mean (SD | -0.26 (1.2) | -0.2 (1.1) | .669 | -0.2 (1.1) | .239 | -0.2 (1.0) | .190 |
| Change in depression score, mean (SD) | 0.03 (1.0) | 0.2 (0.7) | .087 | 0.10 (0.7) | .301 | 0.1 (0.7) | .269 |
| Change in total distress score, mean (SD) | -0.11 (1.9) | 0.01 (1.6) | .428 | 0.02 (1.5) | .395 | 0.01 (1.5) | .389 |
| Overall distress over time, n (%) | .427* | .010* | .020* | ||||
| Not distressed at all | 493 (52.8) | 74 (50.7) | 65 (44.2) | 85 (45.5) | |||
| Distressed only at inclusion | 38 (4.1) | 3 (2.1) | 4 (2.7) | 4 (2.1) | |||
| Distressed only at 32 to 36 weeks | 25 (2.7) | 3 (2.1) | 1 (0.7) | 4 (2.1) | |||
| Distressed at both time points | 378 (40.5) | 66 (45.2) | 77 (52.4) | 94 (50.3) | |||
| Level of distress over time, n (%) | .318* | .037* | .030* | ||||
| Not distressed at all | 493 (52.8) | 74 (50.7) | 65 (44.2) | 85 (45.5) | |||
| Decreased level of distress | 65 (7.0) | 6 (4.1) | 8 (5.4) | 10 (5.4) | |||
| Remained distressed with no change | 331 (35.4) | 57 (39.0) | 68 (46.3) | 84 (44.9) | |||
| Increased level of distress | 45 (4.8) | 9 (6.2) | 6 (4.1) | 8 (4.3) |
*Fishers exact test, and
£Mann-Whitney-U tests.
PTB, preterm birth; LBW, low birth weight; and SGA, small for gestational age.