Figure 3.

The content of (A) malondialdehyde (MDA) and (B) protein carbonyls and percentage of tail DNA (C) were measured in C. vulgaris cells 72 h after exposure to 0.188 mg L⁻¹ AgNP-citrate, 0.895 mg L⁻¹ AgNP-CTAB, and 0.130 mg L⁻¹ AgNO₃. Values represent the mean ± SE of two different experiments, each with six replicates (n = 12). Treatments significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 (one-way ANOVA followed by a Newman–Keuls post hoc test) are indicated with different letters.