Table 3.
Biological properties other than antioxidant activities reported in C. album.
| S. No. | Biological Activity | Plant Part Used | Extraction/Type of Extract | Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Anticholinesterase activity | Aerial parts and roots | Methanolic (MT), Acetone (EA), and n-Hexane (HE) extract | Butyrylcholinesterase (BchE) inhibitory activity of MT (52.64 ± 2.78%), AE (65.29 ± 1.56%), and HE (44.31 ± 2.13%) | [88] |
| Fresh leaves | Leaves crushed in pestle mortar were centrifuged and supernatant used for analysis | Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AchE) activity (32.13%) | [126] | ||
| 2. | Antidiabetic activity | Roots | MT | Decline in fasting blood glucose after a 12 h treatment with high dose (139.5 ± 4.8 mg/dL), mild dose (144.2 ± 4.1 mg/dL), and low dose (148.3 ±1.5 mg/dL) | [127] |
| Aerial parts | Flavonoid fraction (CAFF), alkaloid fraction (CAAF), saponin fraction (CASF) | Alpha amylase inhibition activity in CAFF (75.66 ± 0.68), CATF (26.97 ± 0.91), CAAF (10.53 ± 1.02), and CASF (6.58 ± 0.71) at concentration of 250 µg/mL | [128] | ||
| 3. | Antihyperlipidemic activity | Roots | MT | High dose MT of C. album normalized plasma lipid status | [127] |
| Aerial parts | Hydroethanolic extract | Rats treated with cyclophosphamide along with extract 440 mg/kg b.w significantly reduced total cholesterol (53.8%), triglycerides (52.42%), and low-density lipoproteins (28.37%) compared to rats treated with cyclophosphamide alone | [129] | ||
| Stems | MT | Rats treated with aqueous insoluble extract dissolved in PVP water mixture were reported to have marked decreased total cholesterol (53.8%), triglycerides (52.42%), and low-density lipoproteins (28.37%) compared to rats treated with cyclophosphamide alone | [130] | ||
| 4. | Antiproliferative activity | Aerial parts | Ethylacetate-soluble extract fraction | IC50 values ranging from 0.5 ± 0.2 to 15.5 ± 2.7 µM | [131] |
| Leaves | Ethylacetate Extract (EA) and MT | % Inhibition of EA and MT (100 mg/mL) against Breast adenocarcinoma estrogen-receptor-positive (MCF-7) and estrogen-receptor-negative (MDA-MB-468) cell lines was 50.40 ± 1.92, 89.09 ± 1.97 (EA), and 28.03 ± 1.97, 49.77 ± 2.01 (MT), respectively | [132] | ||
| Seeds | MT | Desgalactotigonin and oleanolic acid-3-O-β-d-glucuronide found in extract-inhibited MCF-7 cells with IC50 value of 8.27 µM and 11.33 µM, respectively, and inhibited human topoisomerase I and II | [133] | ||
| 5. | Anthelmintic activity | Aerial parts | Petroleum ether extract (PEE), EtOAcE, MTE, hydroalcoholic extract (CAHE), and aqueous extract (CAAE) | EtOAcE (10 mg/mL) was reported to have minimum time for paralysis (10.08 ± 1.11 min) and death (65.28 ± 2.09 min) of Eisenia foetida | [124] |
| Leaves | MTE | MTE treatment for 3 h exhibited 100 ± 0.0% mortality against Haemonchus contortus | [134] | ||
| Leaves and stems | MTE | Treatment with 75% and 100% MTE for 14 h resulted in 100% mortality of Haemonchus contortus | [85] | ||
| 6. | Antimicrobial activity | Aerial parts | Ethanolic extract (EE), Chloroform extract (CE), and HE | MIC value (µg/mL) was reported to be lowest for EE against Enterobacter aerogenes while CE and HE shown equal results against Bacillus subtilis | [135] |
| Leaves and roots | Aqueous extract (AE) | Against Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum, and Sclerotinia sclerotium, the AE (15%) of leaves showed 100%, 83.6%, 100%, 93.33%, and 91.42% mycelial growth inhibition, respectively, while AE (15%) of roots showed complete (100%) inhibition of mycelial growth | [119] | ||
| Leaves | MT | Ethyl acetate fraction (200 mg/mL) of MT was reported to cause maximum decrease (74%) in biomass of Sclerotium rolfsii | [136] |