Table 9.

Nanoparticles for food preservation.

Nanomaterial/ Nanoparticles	Definition	Matrix	Applications/Activity	Reference
Ag	Particles of matter fluctuating between 1 and 100 nm in diameter display distinctive properties	Poultry meat, fruits, and vegetables such as apples, grapes, tomatoes, kiwi, asparagus, etc.	1. Antimicrobial agents in food packaging. 2. Preservation of storage containers and refrigerators. 3. As a health supplement. 4. Active food packaging.	[230,236,237,238,239,240]
ZnO		Orange juice, apple juice, peaches, mango, tomato, poultry meat, etc.	1. Antimicrobial agents, as a nutritional additive in food packaging. 2. Increase the shelf life. 3. Enhancing the quality of cucumber, increasing zinc, iron, and carotene content.	[230,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249]
TiO2		Strawberry, soft cheese, Chinese jujube, etc.	Food additives for storage containers and food packaging.	[230,237,240,243,245,246]
Silver oxide		Apple slices	Retard microbial spoilage	[230,240,243,247,248]
Nanocomposites	Multiphase materials consist of two or more components in which one of the components has nanoscale dimensions to obtain the best properties of each component	Beans, pear, mushrooms, carrot, cheese, tomatoes, fresh fruits and vegetables, etc.	1. Polylactic acid (PLA)/nano clay/nanocellulose hybris nanocomposite offer a reduction in oxygen transmission rate and water vapor transmission rate. 2. Biodegradable nanocomposite films (dye/clay/PLA) applied in food packaging offers excellent barrier properties.	[249,250,251,252]
Nanoclay (natural nanolayer structures)	Nanoparticles of layered mineral silicates (phyllosilicates) of nanoscale dimensions	Cheese, processed meat, fruit juices, milk products, etc.	1. Intercalation of drugs (such as sildenafil, aripiprazole) in montmorillonite (MMT) used to improve organoleptic properties. 2. Sepiolite clay efficiently applied in active food packaging, enhances antimicrobial and antioxidant properties when incorporated with essential clove oil. 3. By loading Vitamin A in sepiolite (SPT), its oxidative degradation can be prevented. 4. Cefazolin loaded in chitosan/PVA/SPT hybrid hydrogel films showed a wider zone of inhibition against Bacillus cereus bacterium. 5. Drug–clay complex increases the dissolution as well as drug release rate. For e.g., Vitamin B1 loaded montmorillonite (MMT).	[252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259]
Nanoemulsions	Nanosized colloidal systems designed to improve drug delivery systems	Encapsulation of bioactive components such as resveratrol, probiotics, nutraceutical, PUFAs, flavored nanoemulsions with improved curcumin digestibility.	1. Encapsulation of lipophilic components such as vitamins. 2. Beeswax–starch emulsion, o/w applied as an edible coating in food preservation. 3. Nanoemulsion powder with turmeric extract, o/w enhances the shelf life of fortified milk for 3 weeks. 4. Sapindus extract and basil oil, o/w with antimicrobial activity against food pathogens. 5. Kemira nanogel enhances skin smoothness. 6. Cumin seed oil, corn oil, whey protein with antifungal activity in food preservation.	[260,261,262,263,264]
DNA biochips, electronic tongue (Nano sensors)	Sensitive device that operates at the nanoscale level to detect and transmit chemical, biological, and physical information to the macroscopic level.	Wine characterization, fruits, meat products	1. To detect pathogens and toxins in foodstuffs. 2. To monitor the freshness of foodstuffs. 3. Incorporated into packaging materials for monitoring product spoilage.	[265,266,267]
Nano edible coating and films	A thin layer of edible materials is applied on the surface of an edible product to preserve it from the external environment.	Bread, frozen food, pizza, cakes, meat products, ice creams, fruits (apple, grapes, papaya, mangoes), potato, tomato, broccoli, etc.	1. To regulate humidity, oxidation, and gaseous exchange to preserve the foodstuffs against invading microbes. 2. As packaging materials. 3. Pathogen inhibitor. 4. Food preservation.	[236,240,268,269,270]