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. 2023 Jun 24;15(13):2867. doi: 10.3390/nu15132867

Table 2.

Dietary intake of the participants, GE4GAC-Brazil (2016–2022).

Components Cases
(n = 492)
Control I
(n = 377)
Control II
(n = 776)
p-Value 1 E-DII Quartiles §
Control I Control II
Q1
n = 94
(−5.55, −2.01)
Q2
n = 94
(−2.00, −0.74)
Q3
n = 95
(−0.73, 0.56)
Q4
n = 94
(>0.56)
p-Value 1 Q1
n = 194
(−5.09, −2.04)
Q2
n = 194
(−2.03, −0.83)
Q3
n = 194
(−0.82, 0.25)
Q4
n = 194
(>0.25)
p-Value 1
Median (P25, P75) Median (P25, P75) Median (P25, P75)
Pro-inflammatory
Carbohydrates (g/day) 119.7 (104.8, 133.4) 122.1 (107.8, 136.5) 121.5 (106.5, 136.4) 0.23 131.8 (118.4, 147.3) bc 122.8, 113.6, 135.7) e 118.2 (105.8, 134.0) 112.7 (97.0, 126.1) <0.001 130.4 (115.6, 147.2) bc 126.0 (112.7, 141.1) de 115.5 (101.7, 130.0) 111.7 (96.0, 125.4) <0.001
Proteins (g/day) 43.7 (38.9, 49.5) a 41.5 (37.5, 47.1) b 43.0 (37.5, 48.7) a <0.001 40.7 (36.3, 45.5) 42.0 (36.2, 46.8) 40.2 (36.7, 46.6) 43.0 (36.4, 49.5) 0.45 42.6 (36.7, 43.4) bc 41.7 (36.1, 46.9) de 44.0 (39.1, 51.1) 44.1 (38.1, 51.1) <0.001
Total fats (g/day) 39.9 (35.1, 44.4) 40.4 (35.4, 44.8) 39.8 (34.7, 44.5) 0.54 36.9 (32.6, 43.5) c 39.4 (35.3, 43.2) e 41.4 (36.7, 45.0) 42.7 (39.3, 46.8) <0.001 38.5 (33.4, 43.3) c 38.6 (33.6, 43.0) e 40.6 (35.3, 44.8) 41.5 (38.0, 46.3) <0.001
SFAs (g/day) 12.7 (11.0, 14.2) a 12.2 (10.3, 14.3) ab 12.2 (10.5, 14.2) bc 0.03 10.8 (9.0, 12.6) bc 11.6 (9.9, 13.4) e 12.6 (10.8, 14.3) f 14.3 (12.5, 15.3) <0.001 10.9 (9.7, 12.7) bc 11.7 (10.1, 13.5) de 12.7 (10.9, 14.4) f 13.8 (11.7, 15.3) <0.001
TFAs (g/day) 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) ab 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) ab 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) c 0.001 0.6 (0.5, 0.9) bc 0.9 (0.6, 1.1) e 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) f 1.2 (0.9, 1.4) <0.001 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) bc 0.8 (0.6, 0.9) de 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) <0.001
Cholesterol (mg/day) 153.2 (119.6, 196.8) a 131.1 (102.0, 166.0) c 144.5 (110.2, 187.0) b <0.001 115.4 (96.0, 163.5) c 128.2 (96.4, 155.5) 135.6 (108.4, 161.0) 143.6 (118.0, 178.3) 0.01 128.6 (99.0, 175.0) bc 130.6 (102.2, 170.7) de 152.6 (115.6, 198.0) 159.2 (125.0, 199.7) <0.001
Iron (mg/day) 6.2 (5.6, 7.0) b 6.5 (5.7, 7.4) a 6.4 (5.6, 7.2) ab 0.03 6.5 (5.8, 7.3) 6.7 (5.8, 7.5) e 6.9 (6.0, 7.6) f 6.1 (5.6, 6.7) 0.001 7.0 (5.9, 7.8) abc 6.4 (5.6, 7.3) e 6.3 (5.6, 6.9) 6.0 (5.3, 6.7) <0.001
Vitamin B12 (mg/day) 1.9 (1.5, 2.3) a 1.7 (1.3, 2.0) c 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) b <0.001 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) c 1.7 (1.2, 1.9) e 1.7 (1.4, 2.1) 1.8 (1.5, 2.4) <0.001 1.6 (1.2, 2.0) bc 1.7 (1.3, 2.1) de 1.8 (1.5, 2.3) 2.0 (1.6, 2.5) <0.001
Anti-inflammatory
Omega-3 (g/day) 1.2 (1.1, 1.5) 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) 0.14 1.4 (1.1, 1.6) bc 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) f 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) <0.001 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) bc 1.2 (1.1, 1.5) 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) 0.001
Omega-6 (g/day) 7.8 (6.6, 9.1) b 8.1 (7.0, 9.5) a 8.0 (6.8, 9.5) b 0.01 8.2 (7.0, 9.5) 8.2 (7.0, 9.3) 8.1 (7.1, 9.4) 8.0 (6.4, 9.6) 0.76 8.4 (6.9, 9.9) 8.0 (6.8, 9.6) 8.0 (6.7, 9.3) 7.8 (6.5, 9.1) 0.076
MUFAs (g/day) 13.4 (11.6, 15.1) 13.7 (11.6, 15.8) 13.5 (11.4, 15.4) 0.21 12.7 (10.7, 16.2) c 13.3 (11.4, 15.0) e 13.7 (11.7, 15.4) 14.6 (13.1, 16.4) 0.003 13.4 (11.2, 15.3) 13.1 (11.0, 14.8) e 13.6 (11.5, 15.4) 14.3 (12.2, 15.8) 0.008
Vitamin A (RE/day) 258.1 (195.7, 348.5) c 322.4 (234.1, 432.1) a 280.1 (209.8, 387.0) b <0.001 374.4 (272.3, 577.3) c 336.3 (231.1, 502.7) e 327.2 (258.3, 418.0) f 245.1 (190.6, 348.6) <0.001 384.7 (294.9, 560.7) abc 284.0 (211.7, 373.1) de 246.0 (186.0, 340.2) 238.2 (180.1, 318.6) <0.001
β -carotene (µg/day) 982.7 (610.2, 1476.3) b 1257.6 (809.7, 1833.0) a 1144.3 (700.5, 1786.6) a <0.001 2005.6 (1581, 2820.0) abc 1437.2 (1011.3, 1931.0) de 1082.5 (817.7, 1454.1) f 714.8 (489.0, 1038.6) <0.001 2205.6 (1578.3, 3041.6) abc 1245.8 (862.7, 1646.5) de 922.0 (567.6, 1251.1) 745.4 (544.3, 1093.6) <0.001
Vitamin B1 (mg/day) 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) b 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) a 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) ab 0.003 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) bc 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) e 0.8 (0.7, 0.8) f 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) <0.001 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) abc 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) de 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) <0.001
Vitamin B2 (mg/day) 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) 0.38 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) bc 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) <0.001 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) abc 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) <0.001
Niacin (mg/day) 10.0 (8.6, 11.4) 9.8 (8.3, 11.2) 9.8 (8.4, 11.4) 0.13 9.6 (8.2, 11.2) 9.8 (8.3, 11.4) 9.3 (8.3, 11.1) 10.0 (8.6, 11.7) 0.39 9.5 (7.9, 10.6) bc 9.4 (7.9, 10.6) de 10.4 (9.1, 12.1) 10.3 (8.5, 11.9) <0.001
Vitamin B6 (mg/day) 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) a 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) b 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) a 0.002 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) abc 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) 0.9 (0.7, 1.0) <0.001 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) abc 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) <0.001
PUFAs (g/day) 9.3 (8.2, 11.0) 9.8 (8.3, 11.4) 9.7 (8.2, 11.3) 0.06 9.8 (8.3, 11.5) 9.8 (8.4, 11.2) 9.8 (8.4, 11.1) 9.6 (7.9, 11.2) 0.67 10.2 (8.4, 11.9) 9.7 (8.3, 11.5) 9.6 (8.1, 11.0) 9.5 (8.1, 10.8) 0.090
Folic acid (µg/day) 214.5 (184.8, 256.3) c 235.7 (202.0, 274.5) a 227.0 (190.5, 266.2) b <0.001 267.5 (224.8, 306.7) bc 247.5 (219.0, 285.7) e 236.7 (209.7, 267.3) f 196.0 (172.7, 223.8) <0.001 256.2 (229.1, 302.5) abc 239.8 (208.6, 279.2) de 216.3 (186.1, 249.0) f 193.8 (169.8, 224.8) <0.001
Vitamin C (mg/day) 57.3 (33.6, 83.5) 54.8 (34.0, 94.4) 59.0 (36.7, 93.1) 0.11 111.1 (87.8, 150.0) abc 69.0 (51.3, 95.7) de 45.6 (30.7. 58.5) f 32.1 (23.2, 42.2) <0.001 106.5 (74.4, 145.3) abc 70.7 (49.6, 99.9) de 46.4 (31.5, 62.8) 38.2 (25.7, 53.4) <0.001
Vitamin D (µg/day) 3.0 (2.0, 4.3) a 2.0 (1.4, 2.9) c 2.6 (1.7, 3.8) b <0.001 2.6 (1.8, 3.3) bc 2.1 (1.4, 3.0) 1.8 (1.3, 2.7) 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) <0.001 2.8 (1.8, 3.8) 2.4 (1.6, 3.4) 2.6 (1.5, 3.7) 2.6 (1.8, 4.2) 0.092
Vitamin E (mg/day) 3.2 (2.8, 3.7) b 3.6 (3.1, 4.3) a 3.5 (2.9, 4.2) a <0.001 4.6 (4.0, 5.2) abc 3.6 (3.3, 4.3) de 3.3 (3.0, 3.7) f 3.0 (2.6, 3.5) <0.001 4.3 (3.9, 5.0) abc 3.6 (3.1, 4.3) de 3.1 (2.8, 3.6) 3.0 (2.6, 3.4) <0.001
Fibers (g/day) 10.5 (8.3, 13.3) b 11.8 (9.4, 14.8) a 11.4 (8.6, 14.5) a <0.001 16.0 (14.2, 19.1) abc 13.1 (11.5, 15.2) de 10.8 (9.5, 12.7) f 8.3 (7.1, 9.7) <0.001 16.1 (13.3, 20.3) abc 12.8 (10.9, 15.0) de 10.1 (8.2, 11.6) f 8.2 (7.0, 10.0) <0.001
Magnesium (g/day) 133.7 (119.8, 156.6) c 139.5 (121.0, 163.3) abc 141.0 (122.4, 165.5) ab 0.01 175.8 (157.0, 200.2) abc 146.4 (133.2, 163.3) de 131.5 (122.8, 143.3) f 114.4 (102.7, 123.3) <0.001 175.7 (152.9, 218.4) abc 152.8 (133.1, 167.2) de 129.8 (118.1, 141.8) 121.0 (109.6, 134.2) <0.001
Selenium (g/day) 62.1 (54.2, 75.0) a 58.8 (51.4, 71.2) c 61.8 (52.8, 75.2) ab 0.003 59.0 (50.8, 75.4) 58.4 (51.5, 68.0) 58.3 (52.4, 72.4) 60.3 (51.3, 70.2) 0.79 66.2 (54.1, 78.9) c 59.8 (50.5, 73.0) 62.6 (53.7, 72.7) 61.1 (53.1, 71.1) 0.018
Zinc (mg/day) 6.5 (5.7, 7.4) a 6.3 (5.4, 7.2) ab 6.3 (5.5, 7.2) b 0.03 6.0 (5.3, 6.9) 6.5 (5.4, 7.3) 6.5 (5.8, 7.2) 6.4 (5.7, 7.5) 0.13 6.2 (5.3, 6.8) bc 6.1 (5.3, 7.3) e 6.5 (5.8, 7.4) 6.6 (5.7, 7.4) 0.001
Caffeine (mg/day) 0.6 (0.1, 2.7) b 2.0 (0.4, 23.0) a 0.6 (0.9, 3.3) b <0.001 0.4 (0.0, 1.6) abc 1.5 (0.2, 22.8) e 7.8 (0.8, 28.0) 14.5 (1.4, 31.0) <0.001 0.5 (0.5, 1.7) 0.7 (0.2, 2.9) 0.6 (0.1, 4.9) 0.8 (0.0, 5.3) 0.470
Onion (g/day) 2.5 (0.0, 6.1) c 3.9 (1.6, 8.4) a 3.5 (0.6, 6.5) b <0.001 5.7 (2.1, 12.0) c 4.5 (1.2, 9.3) 4.0 (1.8, 8.4) 2.9 (1.2, 5.1) 0.001 5.1 (2.1, 9.4) bc 4.0 (1.8, 6.4) de 2.7 (0.0, 5.6) 2.2 (0.0, 5.0) <0.001
Pepper (g/day) 0.0 (0.0, 0.8) 0.0 (0.0, 0.4) 0.0 (0.0, 0.7) 0.21 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) 0.0 (0.0, 0.5) 0.0 (0.0, 0.8) 0.0 (0.0, 0.5) 0.15 0.0 (0.0, 0.6) 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) d 0.0 (0.0, 0.8) 0.0 (0.0, 0.9) 0.016

Control I individuals (endoscopy); Control II individuals (hospital). § Based on control I and control II scores. SFAs: saturated fatty acids; TFAs: trans fatty acids; MUFAs: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids. 1 Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn–Bonferroni post hoc test. Significance p-value < 0.05. ‡ Difference between quartiles: a Quartiles 1 × 102; b Quartiles 1 × 103; c Quartiles 1 × 104; d Quartiles 2 × 103; e Quartiles 2 × 104; f Quartiles 3 × 104.