Table 2.
Dietary intake of the participants, GE4GAC-Brazil (2016–2022).
| Components | Cases (n = 492) |
Control I (n = 377) |
Control II (n = 776) |
p-Value 1 | E-DII Quartiles § | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control I | Control II | |||||||||||||
| Q1 n = 94 (−5.55, −2.01) |
Q2 n = 94 (−2.00, −0.74) |
Q3 n = 95 (−0.73, 0.56) |
Q4 n = 94 (>0.56) |
p-Value 1 ‡ | Q1 n = 194 (−5.09, −2.04) |
Q2 n = 194 (−2.03, −0.83) |
Q3 n = 194 (−0.82, 0.25) |
Q4 n = 194 (>0.25) |
p-Value 1 ‡ | |||||
| Median (P25, P75) | Median (P25, P75) | Median (P25, P75) | ||||||||||||
| Pro-inflammatory | ||||||||||||||
| Carbohydrates (g/day) | 119.7 (104.8, 133.4) | 122.1 (107.8, 136.5) | 121.5 (106.5, 136.4) | 0.23 | 131.8 (118.4, 147.3) bc | 122.8, 113.6, 135.7) e | 118.2 (105.8, 134.0) | 112.7 (97.0, 126.1) | <0.001 | 130.4 (115.6, 147.2) bc | 126.0 (112.7, 141.1) de | 115.5 (101.7, 130.0) | 111.7 (96.0, 125.4) | <0.001 |
| Proteins (g/day) | 43.7 (38.9, 49.5) a | 41.5 (37.5, 47.1) b | 43.0 (37.5, 48.7) a | <0.001 | 40.7 (36.3, 45.5) | 42.0 (36.2, 46.8) | 40.2 (36.7, 46.6) | 43.0 (36.4, 49.5) | 0.45 | 42.6 (36.7, 43.4) bc | 41.7 (36.1, 46.9) de | 44.0 (39.1, 51.1) | 44.1 (38.1, 51.1) | <0.001 |
| Total fats (g/day) | 39.9 (35.1, 44.4) | 40.4 (35.4, 44.8) | 39.8 (34.7, 44.5) | 0.54 | 36.9 (32.6, 43.5) c | 39.4 (35.3, 43.2) e | 41.4 (36.7, 45.0) | 42.7 (39.3, 46.8) | <0.001 | 38.5 (33.4, 43.3) c | 38.6 (33.6, 43.0) e | 40.6 (35.3, 44.8) | 41.5 (38.0, 46.3) | <0.001 |
| SFAs (g/day) | 12.7 (11.0, 14.2) a | 12.2 (10.3, 14.3) ab | 12.2 (10.5, 14.2) bc | 0.03 | 10.8 (9.0, 12.6) bc | 11.6 (9.9, 13.4) e | 12.6 (10.8, 14.3) f | 14.3 (12.5, 15.3) | <0.001 | 10.9 (9.7, 12.7) bc | 11.7 (10.1, 13.5) de | 12.7 (10.9, 14.4) f | 13.8 (11.7, 15.3) | <0.001 |
| TFAs (g/day) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) ab | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) ab | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) c | 0.001 | 0.6 (0.5, 0.9) bc | 0.9 (0.6, 1.1) e | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) f | 1.2 (0.9, 1.4) | <0.001 | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) bc | 0.8 (0.6, 0.9) de | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 153.2 (119.6, 196.8) a | 131.1 (102.0, 166.0) c | 144.5 (110.2, 187.0) b | <0.001 | 115.4 (96.0, 163.5) c | 128.2 (96.4, 155.5) | 135.6 (108.4, 161.0) | 143.6 (118.0, 178.3) | 0.01 | 128.6 (99.0, 175.0) bc | 130.6 (102.2, 170.7) de | 152.6 (115.6, 198.0) | 159.2 (125.0, 199.7) | <0.001 |
| Iron (mg/day) | 6.2 (5.6, 7.0) b | 6.5 (5.7, 7.4) a | 6.4 (5.6, 7.2) ab | 0.03 | 6.5 (5.8, 7.3) | 6.7 (5.8, 7.5) e | 6.9 (6.0, 7.6) f | 6.1 (5.6, 6.7) | 0.001 | 7.0 (5.9, 7.8) abc | 6.4 (5.6, 7.3) e | 6.3 (5.6, 6.9) | 6.0 (5.3, 6.7) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B12 (mg/day) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.3) a | 1.7 (1.3, 2.0) c | 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) b | <0.001 | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) c | 1.7 (1.2, 1.9) e | 1.7 (1.4, 2.1) | 1.8 (1.5, 2.4) | <0.001 | 1.6 (1.2, 2.0) bc | 1.7 (1.3, 2.1) de | 1.8 (1.5, 2.3) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.5) | <0.001 |
| Anti-inflammatory | ||||||||||||||
| Omega-3 (g/day) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 0.14 | 1.4 (1.1, 1.6) bc | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) f | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | <0.001 | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) bc | 1.2 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 0.001 |
| Omega-6 (g/day) | 7.8 (6.6, 9.1) b | 8.1 (7.0, 9.5) a | 8.0 (6.8, 9.5) b | 0.01 | 8.2 (7.0, 9.5) | 8.2 (7.0, 9.3) | 8.1 (7.1, 9.4) | 8.0 (6.4, 9.6) | 0.76 | 8.4 (6.9, 9.9) | 8.0 (6.8, 9.6) | 8.0 (6.7, 9.3) | 7.8 (6.5, 9.1) | 0.076 |
| MUFAs (g/day) | 13.4 (11.6, 15.1) | 13.7 (11.6, 15.8) | 13.5 (11.4, 15.4) | 0.21 | 12.7 (10.7, 16.2) c | 13.3 (11.4, 15.0) e | 13.7 (11.7, 15.4) | 14.6 (13.1, 16.4) | 0.003 | 13.4 (11.2, 15.3) | 13.1 (11.0, 14.8) e | 13.6 (11.5, 15.4) | 14.3 (12.2, 15.8) | 0.008 |
| Vitamin A (RE/day) | 258.1 (195.7, 348.5) c | 322.4 (234.1, 432.1) a | 280.1 (209.8, 387.0) b | <0.001 | 374.4 (272.3, 577.3) c | 336.3 (231.1, 502.7) e | 327.2 (258.3, 418.0) f | 245.1 (190.6, 348.6) | <0.001 | 384.7 (294.9, 560.7) abc | 284.0 (211.7, 373.1) de | 246.0 (186.0, 340.2) | 238.2 (180.1, 318.6) | <0.001 |
| β -carotene (µg/day) | 982.7 (610.2, 1476.3) b | 1257.6 (809.7, 1833.0) a | 1144.3 (700.5, 1786.6) a | <0.001 | 2005.6 (1581, 2820.0) abc | 1437.2 (1011.3, 1931.0) de | 1082.5 (817.7, 1454.1) f | 714.8 (489.0, 1038.6) | <0.001 | 2205.6 (1578.3, 3041.6) abc | 1245.8 (862.7, 1646.5) de | 922.0 (567.6, 1251.1) | 745.4 (544.3, 1093.6) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg/day) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) b | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) a | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) ab | 0.003 | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) bc | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) e | 0.8 (0.7, 0.8) f | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | <0.001 | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) abc | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) de | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg/day) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 0.38 | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) bc | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | <0.001 | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) abc | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | <0.001 |
| Niacin (mg/day) | 10.0 (8.6, 11.4) | 9.8 (8.3, 11.2) | 9.8 (8.4, 11.4) | 0.13 | 9.6 (8.2, 11.2) | 9.8 (8.3, 11.4) | 9.3 (8.3, 11.1) | 10.0 (8.6, 11.7) | 0.39 | 9.5 (7.9, 10.6) bc | 9.4 (7.9, 10.6) de | 10.4 (9.1, 12.1) | 10.3 (8.5, 11.9) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) a | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) b | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) a | 0.002 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) abc | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.0) | <0.001 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) abc | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | <0.001 |
| PUFAs (g/day) | 9.3 (8.2, 11.0) | 9.8 (8.3, 11.4) | 9.7 (8.2, 11.3) | 0.06 | 9.8 (8.3, 11.5) | 9.8 (8.4, 11.2) | 9.8 (8.4, 11.1) | 9.6 (7.9, 11.2) | 0.67 | 10.2 (8.4, 11.9) | 9.7 (8.3, 11.5) | 9.6 (8.1, 11.0) | 9.5 (8.1, 10.8) | 0.090 |
| Folic acid (µg/day) | 214.5 (184.8, 256.3) c | 235.7 (202.0, 274.5) a | 227.0 (190.5, 266.2) b | <0.001 | 267.5 (224.8, 306.7) bc | 247.5 (219.0, 285.7) e | 236.7 (209.7, 267.3) f | 196.0 (172.7, 223.8) | <0.001 | 256.2 (229.1, 302.5) abc | 239.8 (208.6, 279.2) de | 216.3 (186.1, 249.0) f | 193.8 (169.8, 224.8) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 57.3 (33.6, 83.5) | 54.8 (34.0, 94.4) | 59.0 (36.7, 93.1) | 0.11 | 111.1 (87.8, 150.0) abc | 69.0 (51.3, 95.7) de | 45.6 (30.7. 58.5) f | 32.1 (23.2, 42.2) | <0.001 | 106.5 (74.4, 145.3) abc | 70.7 (49.6, 99.9) de | 46.4 (31.5, 62.8) | 38.2 (25.7, 53.4) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin D (µg/day) | 3.0 (2.0, 4.3) a | 2.0 (1.4, 2.9) c | 2.6 (1.7, 3.8) b | <0.001 | 2.6 (1.8, 3.3) bc | 2.1 (1.4, 3.0) | 1.8 (1.3, 2.7) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) | <0.001 | 2.8 (1.8, 3.8) | 2.4 (1.6, 3.4) | 2.6 (1.5, 3.7) | 2.6 (1.8, 4.2) | 0.092 |
| Vitamin E (mg/day) | 3.2 (2.8, 3.7) b | 3.6 (3.1, 4.3) a | 3.5 (2.9, 4.2) a | <0.001 | 4.6 (4.0, 5.2) abc | 3.6 (3.3, 4.3) de | 3.3 (3.0, 3.7) f | 3.0 (2.6, 3.5) | <0.001 | 4.3 (3.9, 5.0) abc | 3.6 (3.1, 4.3) de | 3.1 (2.8, 3.6) | 3.0 (2.6, 3.4) | <0.001 |
| Fibers (g/day) | 10.5 (8.3, 13.3) b | 11.8 (9.4, 14.8) a | 11.4 (8.6, 14.5) a | <0.001 | 16.0 (14.2, 19.1) abc | 13.1 (11.5, 15.2) de | 10.8 (9.5, 12.7) f | 8.3 (7.1, 9.7) | <0.001 | 16.1 (13.3, 20.3) abc | 12.8 (10.9, 15.0) de | 10.1 (8.2, 11.6) f | 8.2 (7.0, 10.0) | <0.001 |
| Magnesium (g/day) | 133.7 (119.8, 156.6) c | 139.5 (121.0, 163.3) abc | 141.0 (122.4, 165.5) ab | 0.01 | 175.8 (157.0, 200.2) abc | 146.4 (133.2, 163.3) de | 131.5 (122.8, 143.3) f | 114.4 (102.7, 123.3) | <0.001 | 175.7 (152.9, 218.4) abc | 152.8 (133.1, 167.2) de | 129.8 (118.1, 141.8) | 121.0 (109.6, 134.2) | <0.001 |
| Selenium (g/day) | 62.1 (54.2, 75.0) a | 58.8 (51.4, 71.2) c | 61.8 (52.8, 75.2) ab | 0.003 | 59.0 (50.8, 75.4) | 58.4 (51.5, 68.0) | 58.3 (52.4, 72.4) | 60.3 (51.3, 70.2) | 0.79 | 66.2 (54.1, 78.9) c | 59.8 (50.5, 73.0) | 62.6 (53.7, 72.7) | 61.1 (53.1, 71.1) | 0.018 |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 6.5 (5.7, 7.4) a | 6.3 (5.4, 7.2) ab | 6.3 (5.5, 7.2) b | 0.03 | 6.0 (5.3, 6.9) | 6.5 (5.4, 7.3) | 6.5 (5.8, 7.2) | 6.4 (5.7, 7.5) | 0.13 | 6.2 (5.3, 6.8) bc | 6.1 (5.3, 7.3) e | 6.5 (5.8, 7.4) | 6.6 (5.7, 7.4) | 0.001 |
| Caffeine (mg/day) | 0.6 (0.1, 2.7) b | 2.0 (0.4, 23.0) a | 0.6 (0.9, 3.3) b | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.0, 1.6) abc | 1.5 (0.2, 22.8) e | 7.8 (0.8, 28.0) | 14.5 (1.4, 31.0) | <0.001 | 0.5 (0.5, 1.7) | 0.7 (0.2, 2.9) | 0.6 (0.1, 4.9) | 0.8 (0.0, 5.3) | 0.470 |
| Onion (g/day) | 2.5 (0.0, 6.1) c | 3.9 (1.6, 8.4) a | 3.5 (0.6, 6.5) b | <0.001 | 5.7 (2.1, 12.0) c | 4.5 (1.2, 9.3) | 4.0 (1.8, 8.4) | 2.9 (1.2, 5.1) | 0.001 | 5.1 (2.1, 9.4) bc | 4.0 (1.8, 6.4) de | 2.7 (0.0, 5.6) | 2.2 (0.0, 5.0) | <0.001 |
| Pepper (g/day) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.8) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.4) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.7) | 0.21 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.8) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.15 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.6) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) d | 0.0 (0.0, 0.8) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.9) | 0.016 |
Control I individuals (endoscopy); Control II individuals (hospital). § Based on control I and control II scores. SFAs: saturated fatty acids; TFAs: trans fatty acids; MUFAs: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids. 1 Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn–Bonferroni post hoc test. Significance p-value < 0.05. ‡ Difference between quartiles: a Quartiles 1 × 102; b Quartiles 1 × 103; c Quartiles 1 × 104; d Quartiles 2 × 103; e Quartiles 2 × 104; f Quartiles 3 × 104.