Table 2.
Factors associated with non-adherence to dietary recommendations.
| Variables | Fruit & Vegetables <5 Portions/Day |
Fish & Seafood <1 Portion/Week |
Water <1.5 Litters/Day |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Gender | Female | 804 (82.5) | Ref. | 621 (63.8) | Ref. | 662 (68.0) | Ref. |
| Male | 508 (84.9) | 1.19 (0.90–1.57) | 342 (57.2) | 0.75 (0.61–0.93) ** | 406 (67.9) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.24) | |
| Residence | Urban | 626 (85.1) | Ref. | 413 (56.1) | Ref. | 509 (69.2) | Ref. |
| Rural | 684 (82.1) | 1.24 (0.94, 1.62) | 547 (65.7) | 1.49 (1.22, 1.83) *** | 557 (66.9) | 0.90 (0.72, 1.11) | |
| Educational attainment |
Finished high school | 996 (84.1) | Ref. | 677 (57.2) | Ref. | 781 (66.0) | Ref. |
| Not finished high school | 269 (80.3) | 1.30 (0.95, 1.77) | 246 (73.4) | 2.07 (1.58, 2.70) *** | 241 (71.9) | 1.32 (1.01, 1.72) * | |
| Marital status | Married/Cohabiting | 917 (83.8) | Ref. | 643 (58.8) | Ref. | 738 (67.5) | Ref. |
| Never married | 147 (85.0) | 1.09 (0.69, 1.70) | 112 (64.7) | 1.28 (0.92, 1.79) | 117 (67.6) | 1.00 (0.71, 1.42) | |
| Formerly married | 248 (81.3) | 0.84 (0.60, 1.16) | 208 (68.2) | 1.50 (1.14, 1.96) *** | 213 (69.8) | 1.11 (0.84, 1.47) | |
| Parental status | Non-parent | 252 (83.1) | Ref. | 185 (62.5) | Ref. | 196 (66.2) | Ref. |
| Parent | 1060 (85.1) | 0.85 (0.60, 1.21) | 778 (61.0) | 1.06 (0.82, 1.38) | 872 (68.3) | 0.90 (0.69, 1.18) | |
| Labour Market status |
Worker | 612 (87.6) | Ref. | 397 (56.8) | Ref. | 461 (66.0) | Ref. |
| Job-seeking unemployed | 34 (73.9) | 0.40 (0.20, 0.80) ** | 30 (65.2) | 1.42 (0.76, 2.66) | 35 (76.1) | 1.64 (0.82, 3.29) | |
| Retired/Social welfare | 534 (79.1) | 0.53 (0.40, 0.72) *** | 431 (63.9) | 1.34 (1.08, 1.66) ** | 475 (70.4) | 1.22 (0.97, 1.53) | |
| Student | 56 (91.8) | 1.59 (0.62, 4.08) | 45 (73.8) | 2.13 (1.18, 3.85) * | 43 (70.5) | 1.23 (0.69, 2.18) | |
| Homemaker | 74 (85.1) | 0.80 (0.43, 1.52) | 57 (65.5) | 1.44 (0.90, 2.30) | 50 (57.5) | 0.69 (0.44, 1.09) | |
| Age | Years (continuous) | −3.25 (−1.02, −5.49) | 0.98 (0.98, 0.99) ** | 0.69 (−1.01, 2.40) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | 1.96 (0.18, 3.75) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) * |
| Health Literacy | Score (continuous) | −0.14 (−0.73, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | −0.72 (−1.38, −0.05) | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) * | −0.80 (−1.49, −0.10) | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) * |
| Self-rated health | Moderate/Good | 1125 (83.9) | Ref. | 812 (60.6) | Ref. | 889 (66.3) | Ref. |
| Poor | 187 (81.0) | 0.81 (0.57–1.16) | 151 (65.4) | 1.23 (0.91–1.64) | 179 (77.5) | 1.75 (1.26, 2.43) *** | |
| Longstanding illnesses | No | 716 (85.7) | Ref. | 514 (61.6) | Ref. | 570 (68.3) | Ref. |
| Yes | 591 (80.7) | 0.69 (0.53–0.91) ** | 447 (61.1) | 1.02 (0.83–1.25) | 493 (67.3) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.18) | |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Bold font denotes statistical significance. Statistical test: univariate logistic regression. Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio. For continuous variables, values are presented as mean difference (MD) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) instead of n (%).