Table 3.
Factors associated with low self-rated abilities regarding food literacy concepts.
| Variables | Low Understanding of the Connection between Nutrition & Health |
Low Ability to Distinguish between Healthy & Less Healthy Options | Low Ability to Acquire Information about Nutrition | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Gender | Female | 86 (8.9) | Ref. | 118 (12.2) | Ref. | 225 (23.1) | Ref. |
| Male | 69 (11.6) | 1.35 (0.96, 1.89) | 117 (19.6) | 1.76 (1.33, 2.32) *** | 144 (24.2) | 1.05 (0.83, 1.34) | |
| Residence | Urban | 56 (7.6) | Ref. | 123 (16.8) | Ref. | 150 (20.4) | Ref. |
| Rural | 97 (11.7) | 1.60 (1.13, 2.26) ** | 110 (13.2) | 0.75 (0.57, 1.00) | 217 (26.1) | 1.37 (1.08, 1.74) ** | |
| Educational attainment | Finished high school | 91 (7.7) | Ref. | 166 (14.1) | Ref. | 221 (18.7) | Ref. |
| Incomplete high school | 60 (18.1) | 2.64 (1.85, 3.75) *** | 58 (17.4) | 1.28 (0.92, 1.78) | 128 (38.2) | 2.68 (2.06, 3.49) *** | |
| Marital status | Married/Cohabiting | 102 (9.4) | Ref. | 159 (14.6) | Ref. | 232 (21.3) | Ref. |
| Never married | 8 (4.6) | 0.46 (0.22, 0.98) * | 25 (14.5) | 0.98 (0.62, 1.56) | 24 (13.9) | 0.59 (0.37–0.84) * | |
| Formerly married | 45 (14.8) | 1.68 (1.15, 2.44) ** | 51 (16.7) | 1.17 (0.83, 1.65) | 113 (37.0) | 2.17 (1.65–2.86) *** | |
| Parental status |
Non-parent | 18 (6.1) | Ref. | 35 (11.8) | Ref. | 52 (17.6) | Ref. |
| Parent | 137 (10.8) | 1.86 (1.12, 3.10) * | 200 (15.7) | 1.39 (0.94, 2.04) | 317 (24.9) | 1.55 (1.12, 2.15) ** | |
| Labor Market status | Worker | 56 (8.0) | Ref. | 95 (13.6) | Ref. | 118 (17.0) | Ref. |
| Job-seeking unemployed |
7 (15.2) | 2.05 (0.87, 4.78) | 8 (17.4) | 1.33 (0.60, 2.94) | 10 (21.7) | 1.36 (0.65, 2.81) | |
| Retired/social welfare | 82 (12.2) | 1.59 (1.11, 2.27) * | 116 (17.2) | 1.32 (0.98, 1.77) | 214 (31.7) | 2.27 (1.76, 2.93) *** | |
| Student | 1 (1.6) | 0.19 (0.02, 1.40) | 7 (11.5) | 0.82 (0.36, 1.85) | 5 (8.2) | 0.43 (0.17, 1.11) | |
| Homemaker | 8 (9.2) | 1.15 (0.53, 2.51) | 9 (10.3) | 0.73 (0.35, 1.50) | 22 (25.3) | 1.65 (0.98, 2.79) | |
| Age | Years (continuous) | 6.09 (3.31, 8.87) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** | 2.45 (0.12, 4.79) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) * | 8.11 (6.19, 10.04) | 1.03 (1.02, 1.03) *** |
| Health Literacy |
Score (continuous) | −6.48 (−7.52, −5.44) | 0.84 (0.82, 0.87) *** | −4.52 (−5.41, −3.64) | 0.89 (0.87, 0.91) *** | −5.74 (−6.45, −5.02) | 0.85 (0.83, 0.87) *** |
| Self-rated health | Moderate/Good | 123 (9.2) | Ref. | 186 (13.9) | Ref. | 270 (20.2) | Ref. |
| Poor | 32 (13.9) | 1.59 (1.05, 2.41) * | 49 (21.3) | 1.67 (1.18, 2.38) ** | 99 (42.9) | 2.96 (2.21, 3.97) *** | |
| Longstanding illnesses | No | 75 (9.0) | Ref. | 116 (13.9) | Ref. | 160 (19.2) | Ref. |
| Yes | 80 (11.0) | 0.79 (0.57, 1.11) | 119 (16.3) | 0.83 (0.62, 1.09) | 209 (28.7) | 1.69 (1.34, 2.14) ** | |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Bold font denotes statistical significance. Statistical test: univariate logistic regression. Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio. For continuous variables, values are presented as mean difference (MD) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) instead of n (%).