Figure 5.

Role of TiO₂ NPs on NaNO₂-induced oxidative stress in red blood cells: (A) lipid peroxidation, (B) protein carbonyl content and (C) total thiol content. To identify the protective effect of TiO₂ NPs against NaNO₂-induced oxidative damage, red blood cells were pre-incubated for 10 min with various concentrations (50–150 µg/mL) of TiO₂ NPs at 37 °C before treatment with NaNO₂ (10 mM). The results are presented in average units/mg of protein and are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3). Significance at p ≤ 0.005, ** at p ≤ 0.001 and *** at p ≤ 0.0001.