Table 1.
Participant demographic and study intervention characteristics.
| Author (year) | Infectious agent | Drug (Dosage/frequency, mode of administration, duration of treatment, change over time) | Timeline of clinical trial (wk) | Group | Sample size (n) | Attrition rate (%) | Age | % M | Duration of illness (yr) | Range (yr) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||||||
| Prasad et al (2013)[36] | HSV1 | VAV (1 g/PO BID for 2 wk, ↑ to 1.5 g/PO BID) | 18 | G1: VAV + AP | 12 | 25 | 29.54 | 9.44 | 50 | 3.49 | 2.82 | 18.89–44.12 |
| G2: PLA (CD) + AP | 12 | 33 | 28.67 | 8.47 | 58 | 5.59 | 3.08 | 20.19–50.38 | ||||
| Berende et al (2019)[23] | LD | CTX (2000 mg/QD, IV for 12 d, followed by DOX (100 mg/PO BID for 12 wk), CLR (500 mg/PO BID for 12 wk) + HCQ (200 mg/PO BID for 12 wk), or PLA. | 14 | G1: CTX + DOX | 86 | 23 | 48.3 | 12.6 | 54 | 2.7* | CD | |
| G2: CTX + CLR-HCQ | 96 | 25 | 47.5 | 13 | 57 | 2.8* | ||||||
| G3: CTX + PLA (Sugar Pills) | 98 | 26 | 50.3 | 9.9 | 52 | 2.3* | ||||||
| Breier et al (2018)[25] | HSV1 | VAV (1.5 g/PO BID, No change) | 16 | G1: HSV1+ & PLA (Sugar Pills) | 40 | 32.5 | 30 | 6.2 | 65 | 4.4 | 2.3 | 18–40 |
| G2: HSV1+ & VAV | 34 | 26.5 | 29.9 | 6.1 | 58.8 | 4.2 | 2.7 | |||||
| G3: HSV1- & PLA (Sugar Pill) | 46 | 30.4 | 25.4 | 4.9 | 89.1 | 3.6 | 2.1 | |||||
| G4: HSV1- & VAV | 50 | 24 | 27.4 | 6 | 76 | 3.3 | 1.9 | |||||
| Fallon et al (1999)[17] | LD | AB (varied in choice and duration in oral and IV – PO (DOX, MIN, AMOX, PCN, AZM, CLR, CXM, and CFE), IM constant (BPG), IV (IPM, CTX, CRO, and VAN), at least 10 d, no change) | 16 | G1: No Treatment | 5 | CD | 42.7 | 13.25 | 30 | 1.776 | 1.85 | 20–65 |
| G2: Oral AB | 7 | |||||||||||
| G3: IV AB | 7 | |||||||||||
| G4: IM AB | 4 | |||||||||||
| Fallon et al (2008)[29] | LD | CRO (2 g/IV QD, 10 wk, no change) | 10 | G1: IV CTX | 23 | 13 | 45.3 | 13.7 | 39 | 9 | 6.8 | 18–65 |
| G2: IV PLA | 14 | 14 | 44.8 | 12.7 | 42.9 | |||||||
| Bhatia et al (2018)[24] | HSV1 | VAV (1.5 g/PO BID, 16 wk, no change) | 16 | G1: AP + VAV | 30 | 17 | 31.77 | 8.55 | 50 | 4.87 | 2.01 | 18–50 |
| G2: AP + PLA (CD) | 32 | 3.1 | 30.75 | 8.68 | 56 | 4.96 | 2.35 | |||||
| Kaplan et al (2003)[31] | LD | CRO (2 g/IV QD, 30 d) followed by DOX (200 mg/PO QD, 60 d) | 13 | G1: LD(+) & AB | 39 | 23 | 54 | 13.7 | 57.1 | 3.9 | 2.7 | > 18 |
| G2: LD(+) & PLA (IV & PO) | 39 | 31 | ||||||||||
| G3: LD(−) & AB | 25 | 20 | 51.1 | 12 | 41.6 | 4.19 | 3.2 | |||||
| G4: LD(−) & PLA (IV & PO) | 26 | 19 | ||||||||||
| Krupp et al (2003)[32] | LD | DOX (100 mg/PO BID, 3 wk, no change) or AMOX (500 mg/PO TID, 3 wk, no change) or CRO (2 g/IV QD, 3 wk, no change) | 4 | G1: DOX or AMOX or CRO | 28 | 29 | 48 | 11.8 | 46.4 | CD | 18–70 | |
| G2: PLA (IV) | 24 | 29 | 47 | 9.7 | 48.2 | |||||||
| Otto et al (2004)[34] | CJD | FLU (100 mg/PO QD, ↑ 100 g/PO TID or QID, medication stopped when patients no longer fulfilled the inclusion criteria†) | G1: 6 G2: 5 |
G1: FLU | 13 | 7.7 | 57 | 9.6 | 61.5 | CD | 35–68 | |
AB = antibiotic, ADAS-Cog = Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive, AMOX = amoxicillin, AP = anti-psychotics, AZM = azithromycin, BID = twice a day, BPG = benzathine penicillin G, CD = cannot determine, CFE = Cefixime, CJD = Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, CLR = clarithromycin, CRO = ceftriaxone, CTX = ceftriaxone, CXM = Cefuroxime, DOX = doxycycline, FLU = flupirtine maleate, G = group, GoeCJDDT = Goettingen CJD Dementia Test, HCQ = hydroxychloroquine, HSV1 = herpes simplex virus, type 1, IM = intramuscular, IPM = imipenem, IV = intravenous, LD = Lyme disease, MIN = minocycline, PCN = penicillin, PLA = placebo, PO = by mouth, QD = once a day, VAN = vancomycin, VAV = valacyclovir.
Median Stated.
Inclusion and continuation in the study, patients had to achieve a score of at least 50% in 2 of 12 subtests of the dementia tests (ADAS-Cog, GoeCJDDT).