Table 2.

A brief summary of the 3D printed implants in shoulder joints applications.

Clinic cases	Prosthesis Type	Material	Printing techniques	Outcome	Country/year	Ref
Case 1: clavicle	porous clavicle prosthesis and porous scapular prosthesis	Ti6Al4V	EBM	Proper placement of implant. No neurovascular bundle injury. No local recurrence or metastasis. Shoulder motion recovery	China/2015	[152]
ES, case 2: right scapular ES
Case 1: extraskeletal ES; case 2: subscapularis muscle synovial sarcoma	porous scapular prosthesis	Titanium	/	No neurovascular bundle injury or other complications. No local recurrence or metastasis. No implant breakage and joint collapse.	Italy/2018	[150]
Revision of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) with severe bone defects	macro-porous shoulder prosthesis	Ti6Al4V	EBM	Anatomically satisfying reconstruction, accurate prosthesis placement, improved shoulder function for daily activities and increased quality of life.	China/2018	[156]
Primary malignancies in the proximal humerus underwent intra-articular en bloc resection	proximal humeral prosthesis with glenoid component and intermediate segment	Ti6Al4V	EBM	No aseptic loosening, breakage, fracture, or infection, but two cases experienced detachment of the taper. Tight osseointegration at the bone-prosthesis interface. New bone formation in porous structure	China/2022	[157]