Table 5.

A brief summary of the 3D printed implants in knee joints applications.

Clinic cases	Prosthesis Type	Material	Printing techniques	Outcome	Country/year	Ref
Campanacci Grade II GCT with no pulmonary metastasis	3D printing porous implants with porous plate and shrut to mechanically support the graft and subchondral area	/	/	VAS score decreased to 0. Normal range of knee motion reached. No degenerative changes, no fracture or collapse. No local recurrence or lung metastasis.	China/2019	[195]
Revision total knee arthroplasty	3D printed patient-specific metaphyseal and diaphyseal cones	Titanium powder	/	No technical difficulties in positioning and implanting the cones. No indications for revision surgery. No complications. Significantly improvement of Knee Society Score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index and Forgotten Joint Score. Osteointegration achieved within the first 6 month after surgery.	Russian/2021	[196]
Joint-preserving prosthetic reconstruction after low-grade osteosarcoma excision	3D printed tibial plate coated with hydroxyapatite	Ti6AL4V (ISO 5832-3)	/	Good alignment and no implant loosening. The patient can walk independently without aid or pain 10 month after surgery. No tumor recurrence. The range of motion for the affected knee reached 100°.	Turkey/2021	[197]
Giant cell tumor in proximal tibia	a porous truncated ellipsoid cone-shaped plate and a porous square frustum-shaped strut	titanium alloy	EBM	No surgical-related complications. No degeneration of the knee joint. No aseptic loosening or breakage. Improved Musculoskeletal Tumor Rating Scale and VAS decreased.	China/2021	[198]