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. 2023 Jul 13;14:4084. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39404-6

Fig. 1. Synthetic adapter protein to induce lipophagy.

Fig. 1

a Schema of lipophagy-inducing synthetic adapter protein. The lipid droplet-targeting sequence (LDTS) from PLIN1 was fused with autophagosome recruiting engineered LC3 interacting region (eLIR). b 3T3L1 adipocytes expressing LDTS-mutant LIR (LIR mut) or LDTS-eLIR-GFP and mCherry-LC3 were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Scale bars, 10 µm. c HepG2 cells expressing LDTS-LIR mut or LDTS-eLIR were analyzed by electron microscopy. Lipid droplet is highlighted in yellow. Scale bars, 2 µm and 500 nm. d Lipophagy was quantified by flow cytometry for LDTS-GFP and internal control of mCherry in HepG2 cells expressing LDTS-LIR mut or LDTS-eLIR treated with oleic acid (OA) for 24 h. e HepG2 cells expressing LDTS-LIR mut or LDTS-eLIR were treated with OA for 24 h, and lipid droplets were stained with oil red O. Scale bars, 100 µm. These experiments were repeated independently 3 times with similar results (b, c, e).