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. 2023 Jun 30;4(3):519–536. doi: 10.37349/etat.2023.00149

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© The Author(s) 2023.

This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Difference of reprogramming of glucose metabolism between normal cells and cancer cells. 3PG: 3-phosphoglycerate; α-KG: α-ketoglutarate; Akt: protein kinase B; B(1,3)PG: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate; DHAP: dihydroxyacetone phosphate; F-2,6-BP: fructose-2,6-diphosphate; GA3P: glyceraldehyde3-phosphate; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; HK2: hexokinase 2; KRAS: kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene; MCT: monocarboxylic acid transporter; MPC: mitochondria pyruvate carrier; NAD⁺: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidation state); NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reducing state); OAA: oxaloacetic acid; PFK1: phosphofructokinase 1; PEP: phosphoenolpyruvate; PGK1: phosphoglycerate kinase 1; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PKM2: M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; SucCoA: succinyl-coenzyme A; TCA cycle: tricarboxylic acid cycle