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. 2023 Jul 13;14(7):426. doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-05969-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Adverse stimuli such as infection, nephrotoxic drugs, and hypoperfusion induce a series of reactions, including the immune system response and cell metabolic reprogramming in the kidney. Continuous and severe stimulation can lead to cell death, organ failure, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Moreover, different responses to cell repair determine different prognoses. Some cells are repaired, regenerated, and cured, while maladaptive cells undergo renal tubular atrophy, renal interstitial fibrosis, and glomerulosclerosis through AKI to CKD and gradually enter the ESRD stage. EMT epithelial-mesenchymal transition, AKI acute kidney injury, CKD chronic kidney disease, ESRD end-stage renal disease.