| Morphology |
Mitochondrial volume decreased; membrane density increased with the mitochondrial crest decreased or disappeared |
Cellular swelling; cell membrane rupture; cell membrane forms selective ion channels |
Cell shrinkage; nuclear volume decrease; plasma membrane blebbing with apoptotic bodies |
Formation of double-membrane autophagosome and autophagic vacuoles; nuclear fragmentation with amorphous cytoplasm; swelling of Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum |
Mitochondrial shrinkage; mitochondrial membrane rupture |
Cellular swelling; cell membrane forms nonselective channels; plasma membrane blebbing with pyroptotic bodies |
| Key regulators |
GPX4, ACSL4, NCOA4, SLC7A11 |
RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL |
Caspase-3, Fas, Bcl-2, Bax |
ATG5, ATG7, LC3 |
DLAT, FDX1, LIAS, CTR1, ATP7B |
Caspases, Gasdermin D, IL-1β, IL-18 |
| Biochemical characteristics |
Lipid peroxide accumulation and iron overload |
Inflammatory responses |
DNA degradation |
High level activity of lysosomes |
Copper accumulation; copper-bound lipid protein aggregation; protein lipoylation |
Cell converts into pore-induced intracellular traps |
