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. 2023 Jul 13;13:11338. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37629-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) values for muscle activity and IAP. Dashed line (supine posture) and continuous line (elbow-toe posture): p < 0.05 (using Bonferroni testing). IAP intra-abdominal pressure, EO external oblique muscle, MVC maximum voluntary contraction, TrA-IO transverse abdominal and internal oblique muscle, Q-Bre quiet nasal breathing, Deep-Bre nasal deep breathing until abdominal wall expansion, Forced-Expi completely forced expiration with pursed-lips until the abdominal wall is hollowed, Exertion-Inspi exertional nasal inhalation with abdominal muscle isometric contraction to prevent abdominal wall expansion.