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. 2023 Jul 13;14:4178. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39841-3

Fig. 2. Observation of ferroelectric solitons in BFO/STO superlattices.

Fig. 2

a Low-magnification planar-view HAADF-STEM image of the (BFO7/STO4)10 superlattice. Scale bar: 5 nm. b Histogram of size distribution of circular features. c The statistics of c/a ratios of STO and BFO extracted from cross-sectional HAADF-STEM images. d Enlarged planar-view STEM-HAADF image and corresponding polar vectors, showing (I) center-divergent, (II) center-convergent and (III) bimeron polar textures. Scale bar: 1 nm. e Enlarged cross-sectional STEM-HAADF images and corresponding polar vectors, showing (I) an anti-parallel (up-down) polarization, and (II) a trapezoidal shape with convergent polar configuration. Scale bar: 1 nm. f Schematics of a planar-view HAADF-STEM image (30 nm × 30 nm) overlaid with a cross-sectional HAADF-STEM image, displaying an overview of the (BFO7/STO4)10 superlattice.

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