Table 1.

Details of the study sites*

Study site	Description
Bangladesh	The study will be conducted in four hospitals. Zakaiganj Upazila Health Complex (ZUHC), Zakiganj (primary / public), Sunamganj District Hospital (SDH), Sunamganj (secondary / public), Moulvibazar District Hospital (MDH), Moulovibazar (secondary / public), and Habiganj District Hospital (HDH), Habiganj (secondary / public) in Sylhet. ZUHC has six paediatric beds and one radiant warmer, SDH has 14 beds, one incubator and three warmers, MDH has 17 beds and 17 warmers, HDH has 11 beds and 11 warmers in their Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) / Special Neonatal Care Units (SNCU) respectively. All are functional 24 hours a day. Except for ZUHC, all hospitals have trained paediatricians, but none have a neonatologist. Oxygen is available 24 hours a day through cylinders.
Ethiopia	The study will be conducted in five hospitals. One named Tirunesh Beijing Hospital (secondary / public) in Addis Ababa, and four in the Oromia region named Bishoftu Hospital (secondary / public), Adama Hospital (secondary / public), Batu Hospital (General Hospital), Asella Hospital, Asella (Referral Hospital). Tirunesh Beijing Hospital has 22 beds and 17 incubators / warmers, Bishoftu Hospital has 15 beds and 17 incubators / warmers, Adama Hospital has 53 beds and 11 incubators / warmers, Batu Hospital has 18 beds and two incubators / warmers and Asella Hospital 40 beds and eight incubators / warmers in their NICU/SNCU respectively. All are functional 24 hours a day. All hospitals have trained paediatricians, but none have a neonatologist. Oxygen is available 24 hours a day through cylinders.
Himachal Pradesh-NCR, India	The study will be conducted in five hospitals i.e. Dr YS Parmar Government Medical College Hospital (YSPGMC), Nahan (tertiary / public), Civil Hospital (CH), Poanta (secondary / public), Indira Gandhi Medical College Hospital (IGMC), Shimla (tertiary / public), Pt BD Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (PGIMS), Rohtak (tertiary / public), Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Hospital (BSAH), Delhi (tertiary / public). YSPGMC has 25 beds and six incubators / warmers, CH has eight beds and eight warmers, IGMC has 24 beds and 10 incubators/warmers, PGIMS has 65 beds, and 38 incubators / warmers and BSAH has 42 beds and 34 incubators / warmers in their NICU / SNCUs respectively, and all are functional 24 hours a day. All hospitals have trained paediatricians, and only YSPGMC Nahan and PGIMS Rohtak hospitals have a neonatologist. Oxygen is available 24 hours a day through central supply.
Uttar Pradesh, India	The study will be conducted in three hospitals i.e. Hallet Hospital Kanpur (tertiary / public), Dufferin Hospital, Kanpur (secondary / public) and Shyam Children’s Charitable Hospital (SCCH), Kanpur (secondary / private). Hallet Hospital has 38 SNCU beds equipped with radiant warmers and 80 paediatric beds, Dufferin Hospital has 12 SNCU beds equipped with radiant warmers, and SCCH has 9 SNCU beds equipped with radiant warmers and 25 paediatric beds, and all are functional 24 hours a day. All hospitals have trained paediatricians, and none has a neonatologist. Oxygen is available 24 hours a day through central supply in Hallet Hospital and SCCH and cylinders in Dufferin Hospital.
Nigeria	The study will be carried out in three secondary / public hospitals i.e. Hajiya Gambo Sawaba General Hospital (HSGH), Zaria, Giwa General Hospital (GGH), Giwa and Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital (YDMH), Tudun Wada, Kaduna. HSGH has 14 beds and one warmer (one incubator is on order), GGH has 11 beds and one warmer whereas YDMH has 15 incubators, 11 beds and 14 warmers in their NICUs / SNCUs respectively. All are functional 24 hours a day. All hospitals are staffed by general-duty physicians. In addition, YDMH has a trained paediatrician / neonatologist. Oxygen is available 24 hours a day either through central supply, oxygen concentrators and cylinders at the Hajiya Gambo Sawaba General Hospital and Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital while only through cylinders at the Giwa General Hospital.
Pakistan	The study will be done in two secondary-level hospitals, i.e. The Aga Khan Hospital for Women and Children Hospital, Kharadar (AKU-KH), Karachi and Sindh Government Children Hospital (SGCH), and two tertiary care hospitals, i.e. National Institute of Child Health (NICH), and Sind Institute of Child Health (SICH), Karachi. AKU-KH has five cots, four incubators, and three radiant warmers. SGCH has 16 incubators, 8 cots, 8 beds in Paediatric ICU, and 110 beds in the paediatric ward. NICH has 67 incubators, 27 cots, 330 beds in the Paediatric ward, 55 beds in the emergency and 24 functional ventilators. SICH has 65 incubators, 20 ward beds and 14 ICUs with 21 ventilators. Central oxygen 24 hours a day and a radiant warmer are available. All four hospitals are functional with a facility of 24-hour emergency service. Qualified paediatricians and one neonatologist each staff all hospitals.
Tanzania	The study will be carried out in two public / secondary/regional referral hospitals i.e. Amana Hospital and Temeke Hospital. Amana Hospital has 59 cots and nine radiant warmers, whereas Temeke Hospital has 34 cots and seven radiant warmers in their NICUs / SNCUs, respectively. Both are functional 24 hours a day. Both hospitals are staffed by qualified paediatricians, and none has a neonatologist. Oxygen is available 24 hours a day through cylinders and oxygen concentrators.

*Additional hospitals may be included to increase enrolment depending upon the site-specific recruitment.