Table 1.
General characteristics of the study patients and comparison between the sexes
| Variables | Sample | Men | Women | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NYHA functional class (N=109) | ||||
| I or II | 36 (33.0) | 22 (40.7) | 14 (25.5) | 0.090a) |
| III or IV | 73 (67.0) | 32 (59.3) | 41 (74.5) | |
|
| ||||
| LVEF (N=109) | ||||
| HFpEF | 53 (48.6) | 24 (44.4) | 29 (52.7) | 0.642a) |
| HFmrEF | 12 (11.0) | 7 (13.0) | 5 (9.1) | |
| HFrEF | 44 (40.4) | 23 (42.6) | 21 (38.2) | |
|
| ||||
| HF etiology (N=109) | ||||
| Ischemic | 63 (57.8) | 31 (57.4) | 32 (58.2) | 0.935a) |
| Non-ischemic | 46 (42.2) | 23 (42.6) | 23 (41.8) | |
|
| ||||
| Glycemic status (N=109) | ||||
| Normoglycemic | 22 (20.2) | 10 (18.5) | 12 (21.8) | 0.550a) |
| Prediabetes | 35 (32.1) | 20 (37.0) | 15 (27.3) | |
| Diabetes | 52 (47.7) | 24 (44.4) | 28 (50.9) | |
|
| ||||
| BMD (N=109) | ||||
| Normal bone mass | 49 (45.0) | 28 (51.9) | 21 (38.2) | 0.335a) |
| Osteopenia | 43 (39.4) | 18 (33.3) | 25 (45.5) | |
| Osteoporosis | 17 (15.6) | 8 (14.8) | 9 (16.4) | |
|
| ||||
| TBS (N=57) | ||||
| Normal microarchitecture | 36 (63.2) | 15 (65.2) | 21 (61.8) | 0.736b) |
| Partial bone degradation | 8 (14.0) | 4 (17.4) | 4 (11.8) | |
| Bone degradation | 13 (22.8) | 4 (17.4) | 9 (26.5) | |
|
| ||||
| History of osteoporotic fractures (N=109) | 6 (5.5) | 3 (5.6) | 3 (5.5) | 1.000b) |
|
| ||||
| Osteoporosis (BMD or fractures) (N=109) | 23 (21.1) | 11 (20.4) | 12 (21.8) | 0.853a) |
|
| ||||
| Vitamin D deficiency (N=90) | 31 (34.4) | 9 (23.1) | 22 (43.1) | 0.047a) |
|
| ||||
| History of alcohol consumption (N=109) | 54 (49.5) | 40 (74.1) | 14 (25.5) | <0.001a) |
|
| ||||
| Smoking history (N=109) | 53 (48.6) | 35 (64.8) | 18 (32.7) | 0.001a) |
|
| ||||
| Low handgrip strength (N=109) | 70 (64.2) | 34 (63.0) | 36 (65.5) | 0.786a) |
|
| ||||
| Chronic kidney disease (N=109) | 38 (34.9) | 19 (35.2) | 19 (34.5) | 0.944a) |
The data is presented as N (%).
a)
Pearson’s χ2 test.
b)
Fisher’s exact test.
NYHA, the New York Heart Association; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HF, heart failure; BMD, bone mineral density; TBS, trabecular bone score.